Transition to Modern America- 1919 An unsettled Peaceo Treaty of Versailles: Articles 231-248 “War Guilt” Germany has to accept responsibility for war Germany has to pay for damages and give up territories- $31 Billion dollars- Return land won from Franco-German waro Heavily industrialized, worth a lot Germany forced to disarm- Army reduced 100,000 and no tanks- Navy allowed 6 ships, no subs- Not allowed to keep Air Forceo “US knows best?” French Premier scorns Wilsons idea of American/ democratic way of life Wilson underestimated senatorial opposition- Senate saw US neutrality, no intervention in global affairs- Wilson goes on speaking tour for US to join League of Nationso Stroke and paralysis due to stress- US does not accept Treaty of Versailles or join League of Nations Congress declares WWI over, but Wilson attempts to vetoo Death Count WW1 Global death 16m, US 114,000 1918 Spanish Flu global 22m, US 500,000- Pandemic was so bad fines for spitting or sneezing w/o handkerchief- Never before had so many been killed so fast- Ended in Spring of 1919o Social Tensions at Home Race Relations- Summer of 1919, violent race riots in 25 major cities across nation- Half million minorities moved north during “Great Migration”- Soldiers return home and want jobs back, leads to violence- Chicago was worsto African man on raft drifts into white only area of beacho Whites stoned him immediatelyo Led to riot leaving 38 dead, 537 injured, 1000 homeless Labor Unrest- Sept. 1919 Boston Police Strikeo Police walk out, demand recognition of Uniono Governor Coolidge tells commissioner to fire all policemeno This ends the strike Red Scare- During WWI Americans hated the “Hun”- Bolshevik revolution overthrew Russian government- Communist party took over government and fear of global spread- Red = communist scare- Unions would become communists- 1919 Postal Bombs scared people more- Att. Gen. Palmer headed witch hunt for communistso Uses crisis to gain popularity for presidencyo Creates anti-communist division headed by Hoover o Began rounding up and deporting aliens and immigrants suspected of having communist ties One night 5k suspected commies taken from home with no charges and were deported or imprisonedo Predicts he has information about a commie insurrection Planned Mayday (May 1) 1920 Nothing happened, he was discredited- The Second Industrial Revolutiono First Indust. Rev. sent US to forefront of global market 1920’s US had highest standard of livingo Consumer goods industries 1922-1929 economy boom Huge credit programs introduced, nation went on lavish spending spree- “Buy now pay later”o Patterns of Economic Growth Cars: 1920 10m cars in US, 1930 26m- Ford leads way for cars, competition with General Motors and Chrysler- Boom depended on Americans buying cars- Expensive items don’t sell weekly, automobile industry weaknesso In 1920’s few noticed this weaknesso Cars stimulated other industries, i.e roads, rubber, gas stations… Electricity grows, by end 1920’s 2/3 of American families have electricity- Stimulate appliances, i.e washing machines, vacuum cleaners- Eased housewives burden, allowed for more leisure 1920s Film Industry- Thrives in Hollywood, building of movie theatres- 1929 weekly movie attendance near 100m- Women’s role became more sensual and less pious and submissive- First movie with sound: “The Jazz Singer” 1927 Age of the Corporations- Large stock owners that enjoy lots of profits- Corporations now finance growth and expansion- Profits and Mergers- End 1920’s, 200 largest non-financial own half country corporate wealth- Stress of advertising: Company seek to control spending and tasteo Identify good life with product- Consumerism = standardizationo Key production of mass productiono Chain stores proliferate, farmers can buy same as industrialo Dialect in films lost local flavor and became accent lesso Economic Weakness Decline of Traditional industries- Railways have to compete with trucking companies- Coal is replace with petroleum and natural gas- Cotton textiles decline with introduction of synthetic fabrics Hard Times on the Farm (Hardest hit)- During WWI farmers expanded production to meet expectation of war- After war price and exportations dropped due to less demands over sea Urban Workers (Better than farmers)- Most new jobs come in lower paying service industries- Decline of Unions, companies prevent employees from joining- Others woo workers away by using welfare capitalismo Offers higher wages, holidays, sports events, etc.- African Americans find low paying menial jobs, better than south- Black population more than doubles in northern big cities Middle and Upper class- Thrives as the professionals, bankers, engineers- Progressive era leaders direct economy- Their consumption fuels prosperity Positives- During 1920 consumer base industries grew solidly Negative- Unequal distribution of wealth- Consumer debt in “Buy now pay later”- Saturation of the appliance (Big ticket market saturation)- Rampant speculation- 1920s boom ends in great crash- The Jazz Ageo The metropolis  Becomes center of city life Life new and different Home, school and church ties loosened New perspectives and ideaso The New Woman Post-war returns to pre-war situation Female workers increase 1% from 1920 – 1930- Lower paying jobs and stereotypical fields 1920 19th Amendment ratified- Far less impact than was hoped – robbed women of unifying cause- Suffrage didn’t change gender roles 1923 Equal Rights Amendment- Succeeded in having this amendment introduced into congress- Others say people women needed to be protected- The movement fails, not adopted until 1972 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act- Provides federal aid for maternal and infant health care The “Flapper”- Haircut short, skirt above the knee- Was not a crusade for self-progress for women- Crusade for self-expression through rebellion of Victorian Era- Set to compete with men on golf course and bars- Demanded sexual fulfillment before and during marriage- Led to an increase in divorce rateso 1910 81 divorces / 1000 marriageso Divorce laws became easier in 1920 lead to 161 / 1000 New Families- Despite all the changes, marriage was