HIST 1067/10/13- Reconstructiono About how should Confederate states be returned to Uniono Presidential Reconstruction or “Restoration”o Southern Reaction to Reconstruction, Black Codeso Congressional Reconstructiono Southern Redemption and Redeemers- Causes of the Civil Waro Slaveryo States’ Rightso Sectional Issueso Cultural and Economic Differences North was industrial, and South on slaveryo Collapse of Political Parties Texas gave 0 votes to Lincoln how can democracy work that wayo Conspiracies John Harpers slave rebellion attempt had north backing- War Endso Lee surrenders at Appomattox 4/9/1865o 620,000 died on both sides 1/12 people- Post War Questionso What will happen to former slaves? Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in areas not under Union control Amendment 13: Freed slaves Amendment 14: Citizenship Amendment 15: Voting Rightso What will have to former Confederate states?o Who gets to make decisions?- Presidential Restoration Plano West Virginia 1861, Lincoln’s reconstruction plano 35 counties in Virginia to refuse to split from Union, Created West Virginiao Any confederate state could apply when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to Union And swore to support emancipation laws Then could draft delegates for new state constitutiono Those who were high confederate civil, diplomatic or military could not pledge Also Union judges and congressmen who aided Confederacy Also those cruel to black soldiers- Lincoln Assassination, April 14, 1865o At Ford Theatre, shot by John Wilkes Booth Crazed Confederate Conspiratoro Mary Surratt Found guilty of assisting assassination First woman hung under federal jurisdiction, given political role- Andrew Johnsono New president after Lincolno Bitter critic of Southern aristocracy, owned slaves, drinker, anger issueso Wanted to bring Confederate states back quicklyo Argued he was one who decided fate of states and slaves- Johnson’s Plano New Proclamation of Amnesty, May 29, 1865 Added exclusion for people with taxable property over 25k dollars Will accept personal applications to be includedo Pardon exclusionso Repudiate Secession and Abolish slaveryo Former Confederates may take pledge future allegiance to USo Appointed native Unionist Provisional Governor Andrew J. Hamilton for Texaso Call Conventions of men elected by loyal voters Abolish slavery Ratify 13th amendment- Freed slaves in US- Emancipation (Freedmen Response)o Leave plantations Many shortly return because of family and social networkso Change Name Remove masters surname and choose new nameo Social Structure Before provide deference to white people Began creating social changeso Women Women would work alongside men Women had domestic control, men had control elsewhere Africans created new gender roles, “Cult of Domesticity”, like whiteso Anglo Expectations Anglos felt they were kind to their property, food, clothes, etc. Now have to hire previous slaves and pay wage Slaves acted ungrateful for “kindness” given- Freedmen’s Bureau, March 1865o Assisted slaves with Labor Contracts, provided Medical Care, schools and courtso Provided only temporary relief for freedmeno White southerners saw this as opportunity for laziness in blacks- Black Codeso Introduced in response to Freedmen’s Bureauo Want to control new freed population No freedom of movement, cannot leave home w/o manager permission Labor contracts for one year, receive pay at end of year- If leave or break contract, forfeit pay or imprisonment No right to assemble, had to speak to manager to meet No intermarriage in Texas, could be fined or imprisoned Prohibited from holding office, voting or testifying against whites Freedmen’s children cannot attend public schools Cannot have visitors during working hours Any person “deemed unemployed” will be fined and hired out Disobedience will lead to fines- Congressional “Radical” Reconstructiono Congress attempted to impeach Johnson (Oct. 1867 and Feb. 1868)o 35 voted guilty, 19 voted not guilty, barely escapes impeachment by 1 voteo Extend Freedmen’s Bureauo Declared existing southern state gov. as provisionalo Congress decides who is readmitted and introduces 5 military districto Military dictates southern action, Phillip Sheridan in Texaso Reconstruction Act March 1867 Register all black and white eligible voters Elect convention for new constitution Form new state and local government Ratify 13th and 14th amendment Elect new senators and congressmen Secure Congressional Approval for administrationo Why does Congress intervene? Concerns for African Americans Revenge against southern war over slavery Strengthen republican party Fear that Johnson was losing peace after Union won war- Southern Redemptiono President Grant 1868-76 Won due to African vote Unused to complexity of government Betrayed by greedy men and falls into scandalo Panic of 1873 Public scandals with presidential cabinet Allowed Democrats to gain control of House and seats in Senateo President Hayes 1877 Elected due to compromise of 1877 Hayes will become president if he withdraws military in south Caused Republican governments to collapseo Redemption – “home rule” Many former confederates held grudge against blacks and northerners Whites use several tactics to stop black social equality: violence, intimidationo Ku Klux Klan Originated in Pulaski, TN in 1866 “Social Club” for young men, wore costumes and practiced rituals Led to intimidation and violence against republicans and blacks Seized jail and lynched 8 Black prisoners, and 3 white republicans murdered 3 Enforcement Acts 1870-71 (congressional fight back)- Fines on anyone who interfered with citizens right to vote- Supervised election by federal marshals- Outlawed wearing disguises and intimidation of officials- Never strongly or consistently enforced Civil Rights protection will crumble and put on back burner- 13th, 14th, 15th amendment become dormant, not obsolete- Reconstruction did not improve black social standing- Leaves in place a scaffolding for future civil