America and the World, World War II- The New Deal cont.o Social Security Act of 1935 Pensions for elderly, unemployment and disability US never developed welfare system prior unlike most others Elderly financed by tax on employer and worker, no gov. contribution Unemployed financed by state and federal through worker and payroll tax Federal grants for disabledo Labor Legislation 1935: Wagner Act- Creates National Labor Relations Boardo Presides over labor-management relationshipso Allow Union to engage in collective bargaining- Key Provision: When workers voted for union representation, management is compelled to negotiate with the Union- Revitalize labor movement and changes labor-boss relationshipo Minorities Great Depression hit blacks especially hard – 50% unemployed Never tried to confront prejudice, but helped blacks Harry Hopkins WPA – helped blacks find work FDR appointed 45 blacks in executive agencies Eleanor Roosevelt spoke against racial discrimination, supported helping blacks Women declined in the workforce, women fired before men, lower wages Eleanor Roosevelt – active in finding wrongs for president to help Frances Perkins – 1st female cabinet member, Secretary of Laboro NEW DEAL DID NOT END THE GREAT DEPRESSION- Noninvolvemento Isolationism Retreat from global policy in 1920 lead to isolationism in 1930 Causes: Great Depression, war, remoteness from Europeo Germany, Italy and Japan Germany: Adolf Hitler comes to power in 1930, elected as Chancellor- Head of the Nazi Party, der Fuhrer – the leader- Charismatic leader – brought Germany back economically- Capitalizes on German defeat in World War I- Blames Jews and Commies for Germany’s faults- Leaves the League of Nations and denounces treaty of Versailles- Created a Totalitarian Dictatorship Italy: Benito Mussolini comes to power in 1922- Hitler’s success gave him confidence- Invades Ethiopia – calls for help for League of Nationso League does not help Ethiopia- Has tough foreign policy Japan: Military domination by mid-1930’s- Japan left League of Nations- 1937 Japan begins invading China, WW2 Pacific Phase These countries undermine Treaty of Versailles and Threaten the World- 1937 Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Pact creates the “Axis Powers”o 1934 College Pacifism Memories of WW1 contributed to noninvolvement idea College students did not want to repeat mistakes of elder Students and Professors to attend anti-war rally Signed pledges to not support any war US might conducto 1935 Neutrality Act Banned selling arms to nations at waro 1936 Neutrality Act Banned loaning money to nations at waro 1937 Neutrality Act Required that all trade other than arms be conducted on cash-carry basis- If someone wanted cotton they had to pay cash and go collect ito FDR In private was against isolationism, in public for it 1937 denounces epidemic of world lawlessness and wanted to quarantine it Makes exception to neutrality act, allows Chinese to buy arms from US Uses influence to block proposal: before declaring war had to ask nationo War in Europe America’s continuing neutrality plays into hands of Hilter 1938 Hitler seizes Austria in a bloodless coup 1938 Hitler demands part of Czech that’s heavily German (Sudentenland) 1938 Munich Agreement – French and UK to avoid war at any cost- Neville Chamberlain believed Hitler only wanted that part back- FDR agrees to this form of appeasement- Sudentenland goes to Germany, agreement help in Munich Germany breaks promises and takes all of Czechloslovakia FDR promotes neutrality revision for all trade to be on cash-carry basis- The House rejects this proposal 1 September 1939 Hitler invades Poland – has small military and no tanks Britain and France had alliance with Poland and enter the war 3 Sept. Russia signed nonaggression treaty with Germany Aug. 1939- Russia awarded a slice of Polando Could The US Remain Neutral? FDR publically confirms neutrality Americans come to realization that democracy and security will be threatened- The Road to Waro Beginnings of the Allies and the Axis US attempted to remain at peace while Europe was at war Americans felt for Allies, didn’t like Axis 1939 Anti-German Coalition – France, Poland, GB and British Commonwealth 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact – Germany and Japan 1937 – Italy added under Pact of Steel (Rome-Berlin Axis) Axis primarily Italy, Germany and Japan and other minor countries Roosevelt prefers allied victory, moves slowly and stealthily to aid Allieso 1939 special session of congress to convince them to revise neutrality regulations Replace embargo on arms with cash-carry regulations- Congress passes revised policy in Nov. 1939o Series of dramatic German victories scare Americans April 1940 German seizes Denmark and Norway 1940 May-June Blitzkrieg: Netherlands, Belgium and France- “lightning attack” – fast surprise attack with all forces British forced off continent in 3 weeks Churchill becomes Prime Minister, refuses defeat Dunkirk – British, French and Belgium soldiers trapped on English Channel- Fleet of Ships from destroyers to row boats sent to saves these troops- 358k saved, heavy equipment left in France- 200 vessel sunk by Germans, 1/7 men were captured by Germany Battle of Britain 1940 – Germany wanted to gain Air superiority over Britain- First major campaign fought entirely by air forces- First targets for bombing were ports, then air fields, then factories- Then large cities using terror bombing, Germany failed- First major German defeato Heavy cost to Britaino Stopped future German invasiono September 1940: Aid for the Allies Now have support for the Allies Those dissenting involvement created “America First Committee” Supporting involvement: “Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies”- American people saw that Allied loss was a security threat to US 1940 FDR runs for unprecedented 3rd term- Gains agreement of $10 billion defense budget, peacetime draft- Calls for America to become “Great Arsenal for Democracy” 1941 Lend Lease- Congress authorizes president to give weapons to any country- $7 billion credit to loan – ended “cash” necessity British ships still sunk by German U-boats after purchase- US agrees to