Woodrow Wilson and World War I- New Freedom Program- Globalization of Americao New World Order Prior US enjoyed geographical distance from European conflict Ends due to industrialization and global trade US now threatened by European conflict Wilson saw America as new world leader- For democracy and moral order- The Great Waro 1914-1918 America saw war as out of blue Triple Entente (Allied Powers) – France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance (Central Powers) – Germany, Hungary, Italy Formed over land gains and power struggles in Europe Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand - June 28, 1914- Assassinated by Bosnian Princip- Lead to WWIo Military Technologies Military and civilian casualties of 36 million 16 million killed, 20 million wounded Caused by military tactics that did not keep up with technology Trench warfare- Dig trenches and fight from them to gain advances- Use of barbed wire- Left trench and crossed no-man’s land to engage enemy- 475 miles of trenches existed - Suffered from flooding, trench fever and foot and mortar fire- Supplies were few, lice was high and smell was bad Machine Guns- Invented by Hiram Maxim, American- Moves to London in early 1880’s- Offers machine gun to Britain, they don’t take it- Germans invent own version and have thousands by 1914 High Velocity Long-Range Rifles- Hit target from 1000 yards, produced in US Aerial bombing first use, from planes and blimps- Britain used Sopwith Camel- Germany used Fokker/Junker- Wright brothers created first fixed wing aircraft Poison gas first used by French- Refined and used effectively by Germans in 1915- Gas units are created and manufactured in US- Includes tear gas, mustard gas and chlorine Flamethrowers Land Mines Long Range Artillery- Big Bertha, travel along railways Armored tanks- World War one demanded self-propelled armored vehicles that could navigate any terrain- British called them “land ships” – Little Willy- Design leaked out as water tanks – reason for being “tanks” Total of 61 million foughto Perils of Neutrality America was first divided by who to support German immigrants supported Central Powers Anglophiles supported Allied Powers Battle of Somme July 1 1916- Public support of Allies rise after huge casualties- Propaganda for support for each side Allied War Loans - $2 Billion to Allies, $27 Million to Germany- Before US entered War, Wilson wanted to help Britaino War at Sea Britain declares North Sea a warzone, begin mining, search and seizure policy Germans create U-boats (submarines)- Advantage: element of surprise- Violates internationally understood procedures under high seaso Safety of passengers before sinking ship- Sunk Lusitania May 7 1915o Among 1198 passengers killed, 128 Americanso Treated as act of piracy on high seaso America was outragedo Demanded Germany stop and pay for Lusitaniao Germany pledged liners would not be sunk without warning andsafety of noncombatants if liners do not try to escape or resisto US moves to state of war-preparedness Progressive leaders champion peace movement National Defense Act of 1916- Expands regular army from 90k to 175k Naval Construction Act of 1916- Authorize 3-year ship building program with $600 mil budget January 1917 has resumed unrestricted submarine attacks- Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany 1917 Zimmerman Telegram- Telegram from Germany to Mexico- If war broke between US and Germany, Mexico could ally with Germany and return lands of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona By march 5 US merchant ships sunk by U-boats- Wilson goes to Congress to declare war on Germany 6 April 1917- Uses rhetoric world must be safe for democracy Despite recent act military was small and unprepared- Conscription/Draft May 1917- All men 21 to 30 must sign up for military service First contingent of Americans land in France in June 1913 under Gen. Pershing- 2 Million Americans cross Atlantic, 1.4 Million see active serviceo Allied Victory Italian lines collapsed and Russians fell to Bolshevik party Germany saw weakening of Allies Second Battle of Marne July 1918- Germans pushed back into Belgium- Germany begins seeking best terms Both sides agree to Armistice November 11, 1918- Based on Wilson’s 14 points  16 million deaths, 20 million wounded US deaths 114ko Progressive saw opportunity for social engineering Hoped to instill good moral values Provided education to prevent spread of STDs and VD Gained policing of red light districts and arrested prostitutes Offered religious services and dances for men Plan fell short of goals- Mobilizing the home fronto 1916 Council of National Defense Other wartime agencies introduced under this council 1917 US Shipping Board- Within 2 years, constructed 40 steel boats monthly 1917 Food Administration- Reduce civilian use of food for soldiers- Meatless Tuesdays, Wheat-less Wednesdays, Pork-less Saturdays- Victory Gardens and produce creative foods from leftovers 1917 Fuel Administration- Germany introduced daylights savings time to save money for war- We made a board for it 1917 War Industrial Board- Most important, allocate raw materials, order manufacturers- Order plant construction, fix prices with president approval- Lead by Bernard Baruch holds total control of US economyo Mobilizing workers War left huge gaps in labor force, women and minorities filled roles- “Great Migration” of African Americans from farmers to industrial worker, Mexican move from south to north as well- National War Labor Board 1918o Prevent any strikes or workers disputeso Ensured 8 working hour dayo Time and a half for overtimeo Equal pay for women- 1 million women join workforce for first timeo Work as streetcar conductors, machine shops, armaments industry, chemical plantso Short-lived move into male spaceo After war women return to domestic sphere Provided women opportunity to claim vote- In 1919 women Congress passes 19th amendmento Women’s right to vote- Alice Paul – National Women’s Party American propaganda to create national unity, but suppressed Nay-Sayers- Germans bear greatest brunt- German music, language and opera banned- Renamed German foodso Sauerkraut – Liberation Cabbageo