PHL 223 Lecture 33Outline of Current Lecture Human ReseachTuskegee Syphilis StudyScottsboro TrialsCurrent Lectureo Tuskegee Syphilis Study Alabama story Unethical- 3 Stages of Acquired Syphilis:o Primary Lasts 4-6 weeks Painless lesion called a chancre appears. Highly infections periodo Secondary Lasts 1-30+ years Chancres subside—though there are often internal ones as well Various symptoms make it hard to diagnoseo Tertiary Some people stay asymptomatic Lesions can cause major damage to the cardiac and/or neurological system Parialysis, blindness, deathTuskegee Timeline1909:- Paul Ehrlich and Alatao Invent salvarsan treatment for syphilisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Heavy metals made into a paste and rubbed into skin It worked on rabbits1912:- Neo (new) salvarsan o Less toxico Absorbableo Didn’t help1929:- Boeck and Bruusgarrd question whether the salvarsan treatment is better than no treatment at all1931-1937:- The Scottsboro Trialso North Alabamao 2 white girls accused 9 black guys of rape on a traino They actually just didn’t pay for their train ticketo The state doctor examined both girls and declared that neither of them had had sex in the last 24 hours (when they made the claim)o 1 girl stepped up and said that the whole thing as made up o 1 of the boys accused wasn’t even capable of having sex due to a physical disabilityo However, all of the boys were convicted and went to jail NO EVIDENCE AGAINST THEMo All white jury (200 white, Alabama males)o Had to be a unanimous voteo At the time, Alabama was only 20-25% African Americano The supreme court requested a jury role They were given names of white jurors on the lines where they were supposed to write in the juror names and at the bottom of the role they had written in some African American names.  This led to the integration of juries. - However… the role of racism in the study is unclear…o At the time, people believed that African Americans carried different diseases than white peopleo They also believed that African American males were sex animals1932:- Experiment beginso 399 men with syphiliso “Experiment of nature”—just watching, not meant to cure ito Macon County, Alabama 85% black Syphilis rate (20%)- 1970—Macon County still predominantly black and 4/10 were living in povertyo Subjects had secondary syphiliso Research by the USPHS (United States Public Health) was in cooperation with the Tuskegee Institute1941-1943- Penicillin was mass producedo Due to WWIIo Soldiers were contracting STDs from being overseas.o Fleming discovered it accidently in 19281941-1945- Scientists ensure that drafted soldiers did not have access to