ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationPrinciples of Computer Architecture Miles Murdocca and Vincent Heuring Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter ContentsSome DefinitionsPascal’s Calculating MachineThe von Neumann ModelThe System Bus ModelLevels of MachinesA Typical Computer SystemThe MotherboardManchester University Mark IMoore’s Law1-1Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationITEC 352Computer Organization1-2Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationPrinciples of Computer ArchitectureMiles Murdocca and Vincent HeuringChapter 1: Introduction1-3Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationChapter Contents1.1 Overview1.2 A Brief History1.3 The Von Neumann Model1.4 The System Bus Model1.5 Levels of Machines1.6 Upward Compatibility1.7 The Levels1.8 A Typical Computer System1.9 Organization of the Book1.10 Case Study: What Happened to Supercomputers1-4Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationSome Definitions• Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior of a computer system as viewed by a programmer (like the size of a data type – 32 bits to an integer).• Computer organization deals with structural relationships that are not visible to the programmer (like clock frequency or the size of the physical memory).• There is a concept of levels in computer architecture. The basic idea is that there are many levels at which a computer can be considered, from the highest level, where the user is running programs, to the lowest level, consisting of transistors and wires.1-5Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationPascal’s Calculating Machine• Performs basic arithmetic operations (early to mid 1600’s). Does not have what may be considered the basic parts of a computer.• It would not be until the 1800’s until Babbage put the concepts of mechanical control and mechanical calculation together into a machine that has the basic parts of a digital computer.(Source: IBM Archives photograph.)1-6Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationThe von Neumann Model• The von Neumann model consists of five major components:(1) input unit; (2) output unit; (3) arithmetic logic unit; (4) memory unit; (5) control unit.1-7Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationThe System Bus Model• A refinement of the von Neumann model, the system bus model has a CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input/output unit.• Communication among components is handled by a shared pathway called the system bus, which is made up of the data bus, the address bus, and the control bus. There is also a powerbus, and some architectures may also have a separate I/O bus.1-8Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationLevels of Machines• There are a number of levels in a computer (the exact number is open to debate), from the user level down to the transistor level.• Progressing from the top level downward, the levels become less abstract as more of the internal structure of the computer becomes visible.1-9Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationA Typical Computer System1-10Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationThe Motherboard• The five von Neumann components are visible in this example motherboard, in the context of the system bus model.Source: TYAN Computer, www.tyan.com1-11Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationManchester University Mark I• Supercomputers, which are produced in low volume and have a high price, have been largely displaced by, high-volume low-priced machines that offer a better price-to-performance ratio.(Source: http://www.paralogos.com/DeadSuper)1-12Chapter 1 - IntroductionDepartment of In formation Technology , Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationMoore’s Law• Computing power doubles every 18 months for the same price.• Project planning needs to take this observation seriously: an architectural innovation that is being developed for a projectedbenefit that quadruples performance in three years may no longerbe relevant: the architectures that exist by then may already offer quadrupled performance and may look entirely different from what the innovation needs to be