Principles of Computer Architecture Miles Murdocca and Vincent Heuring Chapter 9: CommunicationChapter ContentsModem CommunicationModulation SchemesPulse Code ModulationIdeal vs. Transmitted WavesTransmission MediaThe Seven Layers of the OSI ModelA Few Network TopologiesParityCheck BitsSEC coded ‘a’SEC Coded ‘d’3-Bit SEC HypercubeLRC and VRC CheckingCyclic Redundancy CheckingInternet Protocol StackIPv4 Address ClassesEncapsulationHub vs. Router vs. SwitchSelf-Routing SwitchTDM vs. ATMFormat of an ATM PacketSimple ATM Network9-1Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationPrinciples of Computer ArchitectureMiles Murdocca and Vincent HeuringChapter 9: Communication9-2Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationChapter Contents9.1 Modems9.2 Transmission Media9.3 Network Architecture: Local Area Networks9.4 Communication Errors and Error Correcting Codes9.5 Network Architecture: The Internet9.6 Case Study: Asynchronous Transfer Mode9-3Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationModem Communication• Communication over a telephone line with modems:9-4Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationModulation Schemes• Three common forms of modulation:9-5Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationPulse Code Modulation• Conversion of an analog signal into a PCM binary sequence:9-6Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationIdeal vs. Transmitted Waves9-7Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationTransmission Media• Transmisson media. (a) Two-wire open lines; (b) twisted-pair lines; (c) coaxial cable; (d) optical fiber; (e)satellites.9-8Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationThe Seven Layers of the OSI Model9-9Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationA Few Network Topologies• (a) Bus; (b) ring; and (c) star network topologies.9-10Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationParity• Even parity bits are assigned to a few ASCII characters:9-11Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationCheck Bits• Check bits for a single error correcting ASCII code:9-12Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationSEC coded ‘a’• Format for a single error correcting ASCII code:9-13Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationSEC Coded ‘d’• Parity computation for an ASCII character in an SEC code:9-14Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer Organization3-Bit SEC Hypercube• Hamming distance relationships among three-bit codewords. Valid codewords are 000 and 111. The remaining codewords represent errors.9-15Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationLRC and VRC Checking• Combined LRC and VRC checking. Checksum bits form even parity for each column.9-16Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationCyclic Redundancy Checking9-17Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationInternet Protocol Stack• Layering in the TCP/IP protocol suite:9-18Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationIPv4 Address Classes9-19Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationEncapsulation• Encapsulation in the TCP/IP protocol suite:9-20Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationHub vs. Router vs. Switch• Configurations shown for (a) a hub; (b) a router; and (c) a switch.9-21Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationSelf-Routing Switch• A 44 self-routing switch based on the bubblesort algorithm:9-22Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationTDM vs. ATM• (a) Time division multiplexing vs. (b) asynchronous transfer mode.9-23Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationFormat of an ATM Packet• Format of an ATM packet. (a) User-to-network interface (UNI) format; and (b) network-to-network interface (NNI) format.9-24Chapter 9 - CommunicationDepartment of Information Technology, Radford University ITEC 352 Computer OrganizationSimple ATM