1 Environmental Geology Spring 2011 Midterm Exam Study Guide The Midterm Exam will be in 2 parts, the lab skills portion will be open book. You will be able to use your notes, conversion charts, answer keys, etc. to work on lab-style problems. Labs have largely focused on identifying features on maps and photos, and thinking about geologic hazards in relation to human populations. The second part of the exam will be closed book, and consist of long-answer essay questions and short-answer terminology. Be prepared to make sketches of diagrams to illustrate your answers. I would spend a minimum of studying 8-10 hours total for this exam, to assure maximum success. Use the keyword and concept list below as a check list for studying. Key Words Introduction Environmental Geology natural hazards environmental quality water soil waste management natural resources water energy mineral Geologic Hazards fluvial mass wasting coastal seismic volcanic coastal death / destruction anthropogenic urbanization hazard vs. risk contaminants health effects environmental fate industrial waste biological waste pollution nature vs. humans humans vs. nature Introductory Video Exercise Hanford Site Radiation Groundwater Nuclear reactor Plutonium waste Soil/water contamination K-reaction Reactor fuel rods Site Remediation Oregon Natural Hazards Overview seismic / earthquake subduction zone earthquake intraplate earthquake landslide coastal erosion volcanic activity ash zone lahar tsunami flood stream bank erosion quake-slide quake-tsunami flood-coastal erosion Earthquake Overview earthquake focus epicenter faults volcanic fault trace fault zone fault segment fault-line scarp fault offset rock deformation ductile elastic brittle stress strength faulting stick-slip aftershock P-wave S-wave Surface-wave Rayleigh wave Love wave Seismic velocity Seismograph Seismogram First-break Arrival time Magnitude Richter scale Isoseismal map Intensity Seismic acceleration fault creep intraplate quakes plate bound quakes earthquake intensity vs. earthquake magnitude fault slip rate fault scarp surface deformation fault displacement earthquake recurrence paleoseismology2 seismicity fault offset Hazard Variables intensity duration building design foundation materials written record geologic records Earthquake Hazards Mapping liquefaction potential amplification potential landslide potential earthquake prediction magnitude-frequency recurrence interval seismic record seismic upgrade Oregon Seismic Hazards Plate convergence Juan de Fuca plate Oblique subduction Plate locking Accretionary tectonics Aseismic slip Seismic slip intraplate quakes interpolate quakes crustal quakes Cascadia subduction zone megathrust Deep intraplate shallow crustal paleoseismic record tsunami groundshaking hazard mapping Volcanic Hazards magma lava subduction zone volcanism craters hillslopes Cascade volcanic arc dormant/active/extinct shield volcano fissure eruptions cinder cones composite volcano stratovolcano volcanic dome explosive vs. quiescent lateral blasts phreatic eruptions hydrothermal fluids hydrothermal alteration eruptive products lavas pyroclastics ash lapilli blocks bombs gases Cascade Hazards tephra ballistics pyroclastic flow lahar lava flow volc. gases lateral blasts glacial outburst floods volcanic landslides debris flows/lahars pyroclastic flow dome collapse co-seismic eruption hazard zone volcanic risk map lahar warning system noxious gas monitoring eruptive recurrence magnitude-frequency Intro to Flood Hazards Hydrologic cycle Infiltration Runoff flood discharge bankfull discharge magnitude-frequency discharge-time river stage hydrograph flood peak flood peak lag peak annual discharge recurrence interval runoff infiltration floodplain storage drainage basin watershed drainage divide drainage network channel floodplain 100-yr floodplain floodplain management flood hazard mitigation flood hazard assessment floodplain zoning risk assessment hazard vs. risk urbanization floodplain storage dam - flood retention climatic vs. geologic causes of flooding Mass Wasting Hazards Cohesion Clay cohesion Water cohesion Weathering Regolith Colluvium Landslide deposit Bedrock Controls Vegetation Root strength Slope Gradient Angle of repose Cohesion Pore pressure Friction Human activity Earth Debris Rock Fall3 Topple Slide Slump Rotational slide Translational slide Flow Creep Debris flow lahar Earth flow Rock fall Rock slide Rock block slide Debris slide Scarp Toe slope Hummocky topography Deranged contour patterns Slow-moving landslide Rapidly moving landslide Cut slope Fill slope Landslide hazard mapping Source region Run-out zone LIDAR Introduction LIDAR Laser Laser pulse Reflection Absorption Two-wave travel time Laser source Pulse detector first-returns second-returns last returns bare-earth model digital elevation model DEM Aerial surveys Laser swath mapping Land classification Vegetative structure Ground cover Flight lines GPS – positioning systems Urban modeling Watershed modeling Topographic analysis Point cloud Laser altimetry First-return model Landfills / Coffin Butte landfill solid waste liquid waste municipal waste residual waste hazardous waste industrial waste composting sludge ponds leachate soil contamination water contamination seepage surface runoff sediment erosion erosion control air emissions fugitive dust methane generation anerobic bacterial decay methane groundwater monitoring system upgradient downgradient liner system double liner system geomembrane impermeable barrier leachate containment methane collection system air pollution monitoring vector control erosion and sedimentation borrow fill erosion / sedimentation pond, landfill closure, daily cover, disposal cell, active life, fault / seismic activity, seismic impact zone, surface water, methane monitoring system, primary liner, secondary liner, drainage layer, cover liner, leachate treatment, gas collection, rock quarrying, leachate lagoon, waste screening, biomedical waste, quarterly water sampling, monitoring wells, wastewater treatment system, clay liner, fire hazard, Coffin Butte bedrock setting / hydrogeology (fractured basalt, pillow basalt, regolith/soil), methane extraction well, leachate collection system,4 Possible essay questions and other concepts • What is the difference between geologic hazard and risk? • List and discuss anthropogenic vs. natural environmental geology