Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and CaliforniaTable of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables Conversion Factors and DatumsLocation SystemMapping SourcesAbstractIntroductionStudy AreaPurpose and ScopeGeologic FrameworkGeologic Controls on Ground-Water FlowGeneral GeologyHydrogeologic UnitsEffects of Geologic StructureHydraulic Characteristics of Regional Hydrogeologic UnitsAquifer TestsWell-Yield TestsGround-Water HydrologyHydrologic BudgetGround-Water RechargeGround-Water Discharge to StreamsGeographic Distribution of Ground-Water Discharge to StreamsTemporal Fluctuations in Ground-Water Discharge to StreamsGround-Water Discharge to Streams by SubbasinSprague River Subbasin—Geographic Distribution of Ground-Water DischargeSprague River Subbasin—Temporal Variations in Ground-Water DischargeWilliamson River Subbasin—Geographic Distribution of Ground-Water DischargeWilliamson River Subbasin—Temporal Variations in Ground-Water DischargeUpper Klamath Lake Subbasin—Geographic Distribution of Ground-Water DischargeUpper Klamath Lake Subbasin—Temporal Variations in Ground-Water DischargeLost River Subbasin—Geographic Distribution of Ground-Water DischargeLost River Subbasin—Temporal Variations in Ground-Water DischargeKlamath River Subbasin—Geographic Distribution of Ground-Water DischargeKlamath River Subbasin—Temporal Variations in Ground-Water DischargeSummary of Geographic and Temporal Variations of Ground-Water Discharge to StreamsGround-Water Discharge to WellsMethodsGround-Water Pumpage for Public-Supply UseGround-Water Pumping for IrrigationRecent Increases in the Rate of Ground-Water PumpingHydraulic Head Distribution and Ground-Water Flow DirectionsSprague River SubbasinWilliamson River SubbasinUpper Klamath Lake SubbasinUpper Lost River SubbasinKlamath ValleyButte Valley/Red Rock Valley AreaLower Klamath Lake SubbasinTule Lake SubbasinKlamath Canyon AreaFluctuations in Hydraulic HeadClimate-Induced FluctuationsPumping-Induced FluctuationsResponse to Canal LeakageResponse to Lake StageLong-Term Water-Table FluctuationsFluctuations in Hydraulic Head in Response to Recent Increases in Ground-Water PumpingSummary and DiscussionAcknowledgmentsReferences CitedAppendix A. Landsat Analysis MethodsPrepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources DepartmentGround-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin,Oregon and CaliforniaU.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological SurveyScientific Investigations Report 2007–5050Cover photographs: left, Klamath Marsh at Military Crossing, looking west, (photo by Marshall Gannett); upper right, Sprague River Valley from Knot Tableland, looking southeast (photo by Ken Lite); lower right, Sheepy Ridge (on the left) and the Tule Lake subbasin from Lava Beds National Monument, looking north (photo by Marshall Gannett).Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and CaliforniaBy Marshall W. Gannett, Kenneth E. Lite Jr., Jonathan L. La Marche, Bruce J. Fisher, and Danial J. PolettePrepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources DepartmentScientific Investigations Report 2007–5050U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the InteriorDIRK KEMPTHORNE, SecretaryU.S. Geological SurveyMark D. Myers, DirectorU.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSFor more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSAny use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.Suggested citation:Gannett, M.W., Lite, K.E. Jr., La Marche, J.L., Fisher, B.J., and Polette, D.J., 2007, Ground-water hydrology of the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5050, 84 p.iiiContentsAbstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2Study Area..............................................................................................................................................2Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................8Geologic Framework .....................................................................................................................................8Geologic Controls on Ground-Water Flow ........................................................................................8General Geology....................................................................................................................................8Hydrogeologic Units ...........................................................................................................................10Effects of Geologic Structure ...........................................................................................................12Hydraulic Characteristics of Regional Hydrogeologic Units .......................................................12Aquifer Tests ...............................................................................................................................13Well-Yield Tests ..........................................................................................................................16Ground-Water Hydrology ...........................................................................................................................17Hydrologic Budget ..............................................................................................................................18Ground-Water Recharge ...................................................................................................................20Ground-Water Discharge to Streams