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WOU ES 473 - Overview of the Upper Klamath Lake and Agency Lake TMDL

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Overview of the Upper Klamath Lake and Agency Lake TMDLPage 1-24Upper Klamath Lake DrainageUpper Klamath Lake - Hanks MarshWhy is DEQ doing a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)?1. The federal Clean Water Act requires that water quality standards are developed to protect sensitive beneficial uses.2. Water bodies that do not meet water quality standards are designated as water quality limited and placed on the 303(d) list.3. All 303(d) listed water bodies are required to have TMDLs that develop pollutant loading that meet water quality standards. Williamson RiverPage 2-24What is a Total Maximum Daily Load?A TMDL Distributes the Allowable Pollutant Loading Between SourcesTMDL = WLA + LA(NPS+Background)+ MOS + RC• Waste Load Allocations (WLA) -Allowable pollutant loading from point sources• Load Allocations (LA(NPS+Background)) - Allowable pollutant loading from nonpoint sources and natural background sources• Margin of Safety (MOS) - Portion of the pollutant load held back to account for uncertainty in the analysis.• Reserve Capacity (RC) - Portion of the pollutant load held back in reserve for future growthUpper Klamath LakePage 3-24Water Quality Limited Water Bodies303(d) Listings in RedPage 4-24• Seasonal maximum algal growth rates are controlled primarily by phosphorus, and secondarily by light and temperature.• High phosphorus loading promotes production of algae, which, then modifies physical and chemical water quality characteristics that diminish the survival and production of fish populations.Why is Phosphorus Targeted in the TMDL?Algal Bloom in Upper Klamath LakeTotal phosphorus load reduction is the primary and most practical mechanism to reduce algal biomass and attain water quality standards for pH and dissolved oxygen.Page 5-24Impacts of Poor Water Quality on Beneficial UsesFisheries and aquatic health have suffered from poor water qualityDrying sucker fish at the Lost River. Tribal fishing for suckers was stopped in the mid-1980’s. "We thought nothing of catching a five- or six-pound trout," recalls Basin resident Ivan Bold, remembering days of better fishing. Fishing guides are also noting declining catches as the Basin's waterways struggle to support the demands placed on them. (OWRD, 2001)Historically, the Karuk people of the Klamath River harvested fish. Contemporary Karuk fishermen continue to dip net at Ishi PishiFalls on the Klamath River. There, they may still harvest salmon and winter steelhead for subsistence purposes (NCIDC Photo Gallery).Page 6-24#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S #S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#SSun CreekSycan RiverWood RiverWilliamson RiverAnnie CreekSprague RiverWilliamson RiverN.F.S.F.Fishhole CreekUpper Klamath MarshSycanMarsh0%25%50%75%100%Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecExcursion FrequencypH > 9. 0 pH > 9.5DO < 4 DO < 60501001502002503003504004501991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Total Phosphorus (ppb)OutflowLake 0501001502002503003504001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Chlorophyll-a (ppb)7.07.58.08.59.09.510.010.51991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999pHWQStandardMean Lake Data (Kann and Walker, 2001)Lake WQ Standard Excursion FrequencyWater Quality Monitoring Sites – Nutrients & Flow (USBR, USGS, Klamath Tribes, OSU, ODEQ)Page 7-24Empirical Relationship Relating Total Phosphorus, Chlorophyll-a and pH (Walker 2001)Chlorophyll-a v. Phosphorus Yearly lake mean total phosphorus is associated with chlorophyll-a to derive a TMDL target for total phosphorus.Lake Mean pH v. Chlorophyll-aChlorophyll-a correlates to lake mean pH. To achieve the pH standard of 9.0, a target concentration of chlorophyll-a is necessary. Violations of water quality standards for pH and dissolved oxygen are directly related to algal productivity which in turn, is a function of phosphorous loading. Statistical Relationships support total phosphorus load reduction as the management goal for Upper Klamath and Agency LakesPage 8-24“The view of the lake as a naturally hypereutrophic system is consistent with its shallow morphology, deep organic-rich sediments, and a large watershed with phosphorus-enriched soils. However, watershed development, beginning in the late-1800’s and accelerated through the 1900’s, is strongly implicated as the cause of its current hypereutrophic character.” -Bortleson and Fretwell 1993 05101520250%3%6%9%12%15%05101520250510152018001825185018751900192519501975200005101520AphanizomenonSediment core analysis demonstrates that sediment accumulation rates have increased over that past 120 yearsDistribution of Blue Green Algae in Sediment CoreSediment Accumulation Rate (g/m2yr)Sediment Depth (cm)Sediment Depth (cm)Depositional YearNitrogen fixing blue-green algae are now more abundant indicating an increase in phosphorus availabilityIndications of Lake Water Quality ChangesSediment Core Data (Eilers 2001)Page 9-24Total Phosphorus Load as a Function of External and Internal Loads (Walker 2001)Total Phosphorus Loading to the LakeInternal Loading 285 mtons/yr 61% of totalExte rnal Loading 182 mtons/yr39% of totalAverage Annual TP Loading 466 mtons/yr29426519539421237625711320811216924122020828518201002003004005006001992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 AverageTotal Phosphorus Loading (mtons/year)External LoadInte rn al LoadExternal Total Phosphorus Loads are Targeted as the Primary Control for AFA blooms and Corresponding pH IncreasesPage 10-24External Phosphorus LoadExternal Phosphorus Unit Area Load48.737.886 .421 .713.535.216.520.518.14.90.61.917 6.7181.60 20 40 60 80 100 12 0 140 16 0 180 20 0Spr agu e River W ill iam son R i verW illi am son Ri ve r To talWoo d River ab ove Weed Rd.Wood River below Weed Rd.W ood R i ve r To ta lS ev e nM ile C re ekA gricu ltural Pu mps Directly to La keSprings, Ungaged Tribs & Misc SourcesPre cipitatio nCh iloq uin S TPCrooked Creek HatcheryWetland SourcesTotal Tributary/Spring InflowTotal InflowTotal Phosphorus Load Export (1000 kg per year)Current Pho sph oru s L oadFactored into No npo int Sou rce A reas11 .510.811.264.9237.090 .0156.218 8.215.818 .018.60 50 100 15 0 20 0 25 0Spr agu e River W ill iam son R i verW illi am son Ri ve r To talWoo d River ab ove Weed


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WOU ES 473 - Overview of the Upper Klamath Lake and Agency Lake TMDL

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