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WOU ES 473 - Exam Guide

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1 Environmental Geology Spring 2008 Final Exam Study Guide The Final Exam will be in 2 parts, the lab skills portion will be open book. You will be able to use your notes, conversion charts, answer keys, etc. to work on lab-style problems. Make sure you go over the answer keys before the exam. The second part of the exam will be closed book, and consist of long-answer essay questions, short-answer terminology, perhaps some true/false. Key Words Groundwater groundwater meteoric water connate water juvenile water porosity permeability horizontal permeability vertical permeability intergranular porosity fracture porosity solution cavities total porosity yield porosity primary vs. secondary porosity Darcy's law Q=KIA hydraulic gradient cross-sectional area specific yield specific retention zone of aeration vadose zone zone of saturation phreatic zone water table groundwater flow cone of depression aquifer aquitard artesian aquifer water table aquifer confined aquifer unconfined aquifer water table potentiometric surface piezometer unconsolidated aquifer consolidated aquifer infiltration groundwater contamination contaminant plume hydraulic gradient drilling log boring log well monitoring well well hydraulics total depth screened interval annular space sand pack well casing riser pipe casing grout bentonite seal static water level depth to water drawdown hydraulic head specific capacity pumping rate Willamette Valley Hydrogeology Coast Range marine volcanics and sed. Rocks Landuse Forest land Agricultural land Forested upland Field crops Tree farming Grass crops Nursery products ubranization Alluvial Fill Willamette Gravels Willamette Aquifer Willamette Silt Western Cascades Volcanics High Cascades Volcanics Siletz River Volcanics hydrogeologic setting Quaternary alluvium Quaternary older alluvium Quaternary terrrace deposits Missoula Flood Deposits Willamette Silts gravel aquifer unconfined aquifer regional hydraulic gradient Spencer Formation Columbia River Basalts Isopach Map Groundwater Contour Map salinity concentration specific conductivity agricultural practice pesticide / herbicide land use production wells municipal well supply gravel aquifer Dallas ASR Field Trip Regional geology Spencer Formation Yamhill Formation Siletz River Volcanics Willamette Silt Basement Confining Unit Quaternary alluvium Coast Range Central Willamette Valley Rickreall Watershed Water filtration plant2 Treated water production Summer vs. winter water use Water quality Aquifer storage reservoir Water use Salinity hazard Connate water Total dissolved solids GPD Fractured aquifer Storage tank Treatment column Activated carbon Suspended solids Flocculation tank Activated carbon Storage well Production well Well head Submersible pump Pump station Hwy 20 ODOT Field Trip Coast Range terrain Accretionary tectonics Mountain uplift Tectonic rotation Faulting Fracturing Fracture spacing Weathering Chemical weathering Arkose Feldspar-clay alteration Oblique convergence Tyee Formation Middle Eocene Sedimentary bedrock Sandstone-shale-siltstone Deltaic deposits Submarine ramp deposits Proximal-distal = S-N Southern coast range Central coast range Paleocurrents (south to north) Sandstone:shale ratio Debris flow terrain Landslide terrain Colluvium Rock-block slides Deep-seated landslides Bedrock dip Dip-slip slopes Aspect Failure plane Slide scarp Proximal sandstone = debris flow landscape Distal siltstone-sh = landslide terrain ODOT Hwy20 Pioneer Mtn-Eddyville Earth movement Bridge crossings Yaquina River Elk Creek 29 spans / crossings Haul trucks Culverts Blasting / ripping Cuts Fills Balanced cuts and fills DEQ Storm runoff Turbidity Erosion control Energy dissipater Landslide potential Seismic design Factor of safety FS>1.0 safe FS<1.0 unsafe Internal friction Angle of repose Surface gradient Landslide mitigation: Mass removal Shear keys Soil anchors Buttress Engineered fill Compaction Compaction testing Bridge columns Anchor Constructable shear key Geotechnics Test borings Rock core Inclinometer Piezometer Monitoring well Static water level Saturated zone Shear strength Compressive strength Soil strength Lidar surveys DEM Overview of Hydrogeologic Site Investigations Reading Site history Site geology Site hydrogeology Aquifer characterization Contamination assessment Contaminant characterization Contaminant distribution LNAPLs DNAPLs Immiscible liquids Soluble cations Source characterization Source delineation Soil sampling Water sampling Monitoring well construction Contaminant plume Groundwater plume Vapor phase Liquid phase Soluble phase “free product” Analysis Risk assessment Remediation study Test borings / monitoring wells Groundwater flow analysis Groundwater flow gradients Willamette Aquifer-Willamette3 Silts Case Study (Nitrate Problem Willamette silt Willamette aquifer Gravel aquifer Willamette Confining Unit Aquifer vs. aquitard “buffer” basalt aquifers river alluvium alluvial aquifers Missoula flood gravels Erratics Pumping / drawdown Pump tests Slug test Permeability Storativity Chemical buffer Oxidation / reductions Denitrification Denitrifying bacteria Willamette Basin Poster Project **Review posters – online for summary of setting and issues associated with Willamette basin** Tectonic Framework of the Willamette Valley Cacadia subduction zone Cascadia volcanic arc Coast range Willamette Valley Forearc basin Oblique convergence Clockwise rotation Arc volcanism Accretionary uplift Subducting slab Juan de Fuca plate NAM plate Siletz river volcanics Tyee Formation Yamhill formation Western Cascade Volcanism High Cascade volcanism Fault-folds Physiographic Framework of Willamette Lowland Aquifer System Willamette Aquifer System Basement confining unit Columbia river basalt Willamette confining Willamette Aquifer Willamette Silt Unconsolidated valley fill Valley-fill alluvium Fractured basalt aquifer Gravel aquifers Missoula flood silt Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Bedrock Basin-fill sediment Floodplain sediment Terrace sediment Active channels Holocene Quaternary Missoula flood deposits Terrace gravels Willamette alluvium Isopach maps Willamette Silt Portland Basin Gravels Central-Southern Valley silts Environmental Setting of Willamette Valley Landuse Urban-rural Agricultural practice Timber production Pesticides, herbicides Water quality Atrazine E. Coli Bacteria Non-point source pollution Climate and Vegetation of Willamette Valley


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