Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 1Biological Bases of BehaviorWhat do neurons look like? I• These are the basic parts…Types of NeuronsBehavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 2What do neurons (really) look like?What do neurons do?• Collect inputs on their ___________• If sufficient input then produce an ___________• Send action potential down ___________ where it can influence otherwhere it can influence other ___________• ___________ process with ___________ effects (like a battery)• Neurons die and ___________Neurons in the News• ___________– The production of new neurons from immature stem cellsstem cells.• ___________ cells– Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells.Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 3How do neurons communicate?The ___________ :The axon of one neuron connects with the dendrites of the next:What’s an ___________? IObjective 14Objective 14What’s an ___________? II• An ‘___________’ electro‐chemical event• A ‘___________’• Like a digital computer 1 or 0Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 4How do ___________ communicate?• ___________ are chemical junctions between neurons.How do ___________ work?How do ___________ work?• Action potential comes down ___________• Action potential arrives at ___________• Causes ___________• ___________ is released• Into ___________ cleft• ___________ absorbed on ___________Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 5Three Major Chemical Messenger Classes• ___________– Released by neurons, cause other neurons to fire• ___________– Aka “Endogenous opioid peptides”– Also function as ___________, or neurotransmitter modifiers• ___________– Released by ___________ glands into ___________– Help regulate normal bodily functioningMajor neurotransmitters (a selection)• Acetylcholine • Dopamine• Endorphins• Norepinephrine• Serotonin• GABA___________• First identified ___________• Involved in:– ___________ control –___________• Disorders implicated in:– ___________ disease (dementia of aged)– ___________ loss– ___________(poison –black widow spider)Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 6Drugs affecting ___________• ___________ • Promotes release of acetylcholine, can cause paralysis & death• ___________ toxin– Poisonous agent produced by bacteria– Blocks release of acetylcholineReduces breathing rate can cause death–Reduces breathing rate, can cause death• ___________– Binds to and activates cholinergic receptors• ___________– Blocks cholinergic receptors– Quick acting, quickly cleared from the body___________• Involved in:– ___________– ___________– Reward• Disorders implicated in:– ___________ disease (mainly motor but also emotional blunting)di– ___________ control– ___________–___________ disease– ___________(cognitive confusion)– ______________________ : Drugs that stimulate • ___________• ___________• Alcohol (indirectly)• ___________• ___________(indirectly)• ___________(indirectly)Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 7___________• Involved in– ___________ cycles– ___________– ___________ state • Drugs that alter:– ___________– LSD– ___________(happy/ sad)• Disorders implicated in:– ___________?– ___________– ___________– “magic mushrooms”___________ (Gamma‐aminobutyric acid)• Major ___________ neurotransmitter in the brain• Involved in ___________ disordersh ff• Drugs that affect:– ___________(major tranquilizers)– ___________(minor tranquilizers)– ___________(Gamma hydroxybutyrate)– ___________Structure of the Ner vous System• ___________ – Brain– Spinal CordN St• ___________ Nervous System– ___________– ___________• Sympathetic NS• Parasympathetic NSBehavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 8___________ Nervous System• ___________• ___________ Cord___________ corte xes comparedThe Structure of the BrainThe brain can be divided into ___________ : the ___________ , ___________ , and ___________ .Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 9Cortex: ICortex: IISaggital SectionCerebralcortexCorpuscallosumLimbicsystemMedullaBrain stemCerebellumBehavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 10Brain Damage: Phineas Gage• Phineas Gage• Tamping iron blew up in his face:Phineas GagePhineas Gage• Took two years to recover• Changed personality• “Gage was no longer Gage” (Doctor)Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 11___________• Dogs with “cut brains” were calmer (late 1890’s)• 1930’s: ___________ lobes are severed using a variety ofa variety of ___________ ___________ Results• Patients generally calmer, less ___________ • Patients have difficulty ___________ things, planning, or following through on activities•Suggests functions of lobeSuggests functions of ___________ lobe• Many patients have rather extensive brain damage (more than was purposeful)…The ___________ Callosum• Millions of ___________ connecting the brain’s hemispheres.• Provides a pathway for py___________ between hemispheres.• If surgically severed to treat ___________ , hemispheres cannot ___________ directly.Behavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 12___________ Experiment• Subjects were presented information to one or the other side of their brains. Pti t id tifi d th it t th•Patients identified ___________ the pictures to the ___________ (i.e., boy). • When asked to ___________ to the face seen, the patients pointed to the ___________ picture.Two Hemispheres – Split BrainsBehavioral Neuroscience 8/26/2008©1999 Prentice Hall 13The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opposites?• Research on split brain patients show us:– Nearly all right‐handed and the majority of left‐handed individuals process ___________ mainly in the ___________ hemisphere.–Many researchers believe in ___________ dominance.– Others insist ___________ important for spatial visual problem solving, comprehending non‐verbal sounds, and some language abilities.Peripheral Nervous System• ___________ Nervous System– Sensory – afferent – inputs– Motor – efferent – outputs• ___________ Nervous System– ___________– ___________Somatic Nervous System –Reflex ArcObjective 5Behavioral Neuroscience