1Psychological disorders can affect persons Psychological disorders can affect persons of any age, race, sex, religion, or income.of any age, race, sex, religion, or income.(Pre(Pre--lecture Instructor’s Guide)lecture Instructor’s Guide)Mental illnesses are not the result of a personal weakness, lack of character, or poor upbringing.Why should I care?• Because understanding of mental health issues brings awareness to the community and our surrounding .• We will become a society that is accepting of others who do not fit our idea of a perfect population.Myths of Mental Illness• Mental illness is caused by bad parenting.Fact: Most diagnosed individuals come from supportive homes.• The mentally ill are violent and dangerous.Fact: Most are of violence.• People with a mental disorder are not smart.Fact: Numerous studies have shown that many have average or above average intelligence.2Creativity and Mental Illness• What are some possible reasons that the rate of mental illness (in general) is slightly higher among those in the arts than those in other professions?Availability Heuristic• We make a judgment based on what we can remember, rather than complete data. In particular, we use this for judging the frequency or likelihood of events. Various factors can affect availability. •• MORE NAMES FOR MENMORE NAMES FOR MEN•• FEMALE NAMES WERE MORE CURRENTFEMALE NAMES WERE MORE CURRENT• High profile or stereotypic views of persons with mental illness are often the EXCEPTION, not the rule.Defining Normal and Abnormal• A Psychological Disorder is a condition in which a person’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior is judged to be .– Three criteria Th i iifi i•The person experiences significant pain or distress.• Their behavior deviates from acceptable behaviors for that society.• Their everyday behavior is maladaptive.3Psychological Disorders: 4 Models of Abnormality• Model– Mental disorders are caused by biology and can be treated medically–Historical: Hippocrates’ (460 BC) four humors pp ()(Imbalances of bodily fluids)– Yellow bile, Phlegm, Blood & Black bile.– Modern: Brain treatment• drugs, brain surgery, etc.Models of Abnormality• Model– Mental disorders are caused and maintained by one’s life experiences• Death of mother before age 7 doubles risk of depression• Model–Psychological disorders are influenced by cultureyg y• Poor and unemployed are more often depressed• US, troubled teenagers get into fights, take drugs• Thailand, troubled teens sulk, go quiet & sleep• Eskimos experience Pibloktoq: intense excitement followed by seizures and 12 hr coma. • Anorexia nervosa is uniquely Western.“Synthetic Model” of Mental Illness4Common Psychological DisordersDisorder Frequency Male: FemaleSubstance abuse 5% More common for menAnxiety disorders19%About2:3Anxiety disorders19%About 2:3 disorders 7-18% About 1:2 Antisocial personality1-3% More men than womenSchizophrenia < 1%Psychological Disorders: Diagnosis• Diagnosis– The process of identifying and grouping mental disorders with similar symptoms••.– Acronym for the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) – Originally 1952 with 60 disorders –today 410– Beware medical students’ syndrome (availability heuristic) Five Axes• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes• Axis II –Disorders or Mental Retardation•Axis III–General Medical ConditionsAxis III General Medical Conditions• Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems• Axis V –Global Assessment of Functioning5Anxiety 1: disorder• Acute fear , helplessness, hopelessness• Periods of acute terror• Shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, unreality, clammy sweat – feel like going to die•Anticipatory anxiety–fear of having attack.Anticipatory anxiety fear of having attack.– Attacks are embarrassing, prefer to avoid situations• 31% men: 19% women• Medical Model– Appears to be inherited– Treatable with drugs• Psychological model– 1stattack usually occurs after severe illness or other trauma & become anxious around cues associated with that eventFree floating anxiety evoked by nothing in particularAnxiety 2: Anxiety DisorderCauses difficulty making decisionsThe “common cold” of psychiatryAnxiety 3: disorders• Fear of…– Agoraphobia – open spaces– Social phobia – other people– Specific phobias –fear of snakes, spiders, darkness, heights, etc.• Learned via classical conditioning or vicarious conditioning• Biological basis –more likely to fear snakes than cars6Anxiety DisordersFrequency of the Most Prevalent Simple Phobias Simple Phobia: An intense, irrational fearirrational fear of a specific object or situation. Figure 13.4 Conditioning as an explanation for phobiasAnxiety 4: Obsessive‐compulsive• – thoughts that will not go away ‐ dirty• Compulsions – behaviors one must keep performing –washing handspgg• Compulsive behavior defends against anxiety – typically cleaning• Obsessions – fear/uncertainty/doubt– Anxiety will do something terrible (rarely do) ‐ have heart attack, wet self7Anxiety Disorders Phobias I• Social Phobia– An intense fear of situations that invite public scrutiny•Socially phobic and non•Socially phobic and non‐phobic adults prepared a speech. Both groups showed increased heart rate in anticipation of the speech, but those with social anxiety react more strongly.Learning Objective 3Anxiety Disorders Phobias II• However, only those with social phobia reported feeling more anxious.Anxiety Disorders Influences• Three findings from cross‐cultural comparisons are:–Anxiety is universal and is exhibited by theAnxiety is universal and is exhibited by the same bodily reactions.– Culture influences the cognitive component of anxiety, i.e., what people worry about and their beliefs about the causes of it.– Treatment needs to acknowledge cultural diversity.8Disorders• Somatization Disorder• Conversion Disorder•HypochondriasisHypochondriasis• Etiology of somatoform disorders– Cognitive factors– Personality factors– The sick roleDissociative Disord ers• Dissociative amnesia and fugue• Dissociative disorder–Etiology–Etiology• severe emotional trauma during childhood– Controversy• Media creation?Mood DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder• .– Characterized by sadness, despair, feelings of