PYSC 101 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 8 10 Lecture 8 February 11 Module 15 Classical Conditioning What s classical conditioning What are the different components of classical conditioning Describes Pavlov s experiment Describe Watson s experiment Learning a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience Classical Conditioning o Definition a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response o Names Associated with Classical Conditioning o Neutral stimulus a stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest Ex Ringing a bell dog will not respond to it without prior stimulus o Unconditioned Stimulus UCS a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned o Unconditioned Response UCR a response that is natural and needs no training Ex Dog salivating at the smell of food o Conditioned Stimulus CS a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus o Conditioned Response CR a response that after conditioning follows a previously neutral stimulus o Example of Classical Conditioning o Example 1 Iran Pavlov Experiment Neutral stimulus dog hears bell doesn t respond UCS dog smells meat UCR dog salivates Taught that when a bell rings dog will receive food CS sound of bell CR dog salivates o Example 2 Bud Weiser Commercial UCS puppy UCR happy CS Bud Weiser CR happy o Helpful Hints Conditioned learned Unconditioned not learned o Classical Conditioning and Advertising Use popular music or people to make people like a product John Watson and Little Albert o Little Albert is an infant who is exposed to fire rats bunny and has no fear to anything Little Albert is scared of loud noises so a loud noise is sounded when Little Albert see s a rat Little Albert then becomes scared of not only the rat but all furry things He learned to be scared Extinction a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decrease in frequency and eventually disappears o Dog trained to salivated when bells rings If stop giving dog food when bell rings dog will stop salivating conditioned stimulus by itself Stimulus generalization a process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response o Ex Little Albert and all furry animals scaring him Stimulus discrimination the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response bit the other does not the ability to differentiate between stimuli o Ex Older Albert can tell the different between rats and rabbits so not all furry animals scare him Module 16 Operant Conditioning What is operant conditioning Describe the components of operant conditioning Describe the components of schedules of reinforcements Operant Conditioning o Definition learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences o Thorndike s Law of Effect o Cat is in box and when presses a lever can escape box and receives food o Lead to the law of effect responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated o Skinner s box o Rats are in box when they press lever they immediately get food o Reinforcement o Definition any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again Primary satisfy biological needs Ex Food warmth relief of pain sex Secondary associated with a primary reinforce Ex Money because it allows us to get desired objects like food and shelter o Punishment a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again KNOW TABLE Reinforcement increase behavior Punishment decrease behavior Positive adding stimulus Term Positive Reinforcement Ex Answer question in class get candy Term Positive Punishment Ex Talk in class get yelled at Negative taking away stimulus Term Negative Reinforcement Ex Answer question in class get out of class early Term Negative Punishment Ex Talk in class no longer allowed to use book while taking module quizzes Schedules of Reinforcement o Continuous reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs o Partial reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time o Fixed ratio a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made Ex car sales man sells 5 cars get a bonus relatively short pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided o Fixed Interval a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed making overall rate of response relatively low Ex car sales man gets paid every 2 weeks no matter if he sells 1 car or 12 cars typically long pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided o Variable ratio a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number Ex Car sales man get bonus after he sells 10 cars then after he sells 5 cars then after he sells 15 cars responding occurs at a high steady rate o Variable Interval a schedule by which the time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed Car salesmen boss randomly shows up and gives sale men a bonus if talking to a person get more regular rate of responding o Helpful Hints o Ratio amount of responses o Interval time o Variable variation Discrimination discriminative stimulus signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response o Ex Ask your roommate to barrow her favorite shirt when she s in a good mood Discriminating between her moods is considered stimulus control Generalization stimulus generalization learns a response to one stimulus and then exhibit the same response to slightly different stimuli o See a stop sign but stop is in Chinese you still know it says stop Shaping the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of desired behavior o Ex To train a dog to get beer from fridge 1st reward the dog when he s close to the dog 2nd reward dog when he touches fridge 3rd reward dog when he opens fridge 4th reward dog when he gets a beer out of the fridge Behavior modification a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and