PYSC 101 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 8 – 10Lecture 8 (February 11)Module 15: Classical Conditioning What’s classical conditioning? What are the different components of classical conditioning? Describes Pavlov’s experiment. Describe Watson’s experiment.Learning – a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience Classical Conditioningo Definition – a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a responseafter it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response o Names Associated with Classical Conditioning o Neutral stimulus – a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest Ex. Ringing a bell, dog will not respond to it without prior stimulus o Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned o Unconditioned Response (UCR)– a response that is natural and needs no training  Ex. Dog salivating at the smell of foodo Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with anunconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus o Conditioned Response (CR) – a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus o Example of Classical Conditioningo Example 1: Iran Pavlov Experiment Neutral stimulus – dog hears bell, doesn’t respond UCS – dog smells meat UCR - dog salivates Taught that when a bell rings, dog will receive food CS – sound of bell CR – dog salivateso Example 2: Bud Weiser Commercial  UCS – puppy UCR – happy CS – Bud Weiser CR – happy o Helpful Hints Conditioned = learned Unconditioned = not learnedo Classical Conditioning and Advertising Use popular music or people to make people like a productJohn Watson and Little Alberto Little Albert is an infant who is exposed to fire, rats, bunny and has no fear to anything.Little Albert is scared of loud noises, so a loud noise is sounded when Little Albert see’sa rat. Little Albert then becomes scared of not only the rat, but all furry things. (He learned to be scared)Extinction – a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decrease in frequency and eventually disappears o Dog trained to salivated when bells rings. If stop giving dog food when bell rings, dog will stop salivating (conditioned stimulus by itself) Stimulus generalization – a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce aparticular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response o Ex. Little Albert and all furry animals scaring himStimulus discrimination – the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response bit the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimulio Ex. Older Albert can tell the different between rats and rabbits so not all furry animals scare himModule 16: Operant Conditioning What is operant conditioning? Describe the components of operant conditioning. Describe the components of schedules of reinforcements. Operant Conditioningo Definition – learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequenceso Thorndike’s Law of Effecto Cat is in box and when presses a lever can escape box and receives food. o Lead to the law of effect  responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated o Skinner’s boxo Rats are in box, when they press lever they immediately get foodo Reinforcemento Definition – any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again Primary – satisfy biological needs- Ex. Food, warmth, relief of pain, sex Secondary – associated with a primary reinforce- Ex. Money because it allows us to get desired objects like food and sheltero Punishment – a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur againKNOW TABLE!Positive(adding stimulus)Negative(taking away stimulus)Reinforcement(increase behavior)Term: Positive ReinforcementEx: Answer question in class, get candyTerm: Negative ReinforcementEx: Answer question in class, get out of class early Punishment(decrease behavior)Term: Positive PunishmentEx: Talk in class, get yelled atTerm: Negative PunishmentEx: Talk in class, no longer allowed to use book while taking module quizzes Schedules of Reinforcemento Continuous – reinforcing a behavior every time it occurso Partial – reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the timeo Fixed ratio – a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made Ex: car sales man sells 5 cars get a bonus (relatively short pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided)o Fixed Interval – a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rate of response relatively low Ex: car sales man gets paid every 2 weeks no matter if he sells 1 car or 12 cars (typically long pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided))o Variable ratio – a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying numberof responses rather than after a fixed number Ex: Car sales man get bonus after he sells 10 cars, then after he sells 5 cars, then after he sells 15 cars (responding occurs at a high, steady rate)o Variable Interval – a schedule by which the time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed  Car salesmen boss randomly shows up and gives sale men a bonus if talking to a person (get more regular rate of responding)o Helpful Hintso Ratio = amount of responseso Interval = timeo Variable = variationDiscrimination (discriminative stimulus) – signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a responseo Ex. Ask your roommate to barrow her favorite shirt when she’s in a good mood. Discriminating between her moods is considered stimulus controlGeneralization (stimulus generalization) – learns a response to one stimulus and then exhibit the same response to slightly different stimulio See a stop sign but stop is in Chinese, you still know it says stopShaping – the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of desired behavioro Ex: To train a dog to get beer