10/22/20081Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentChapter 11 Assessing personalityDefining Personality• The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “”• Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of , feelings, motives, g p, g, ,and .• : Stability in behavior over time and across situations•: Behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation10/22/20082Defining Personality:Personality Traits• Personality Traits– and dimensions• The Model i–Extraversion– .– Openness to experience– Agreeableness– .Studying Personality• The Approach– The five factor model • Psychodynamic Perspective• Behavioral Approaches•Perspective• Biological PerspectivePerspectives• psychoanalytic theory– Structure of personality• ‐ Pleasure principle• Ego ‐ Reality principle•‐ Morality– Levels of awareness• Conscious• Unconscious• .10/22/20083Psychodynamic Perspectives• Freud’s psychoanalytic theory– .• and AggressionAit•Anxiety• Defense .Figure 11.2 Freud’s model of personality structureFigure 11.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics10/22/20084Defense Mechanisms• .– Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in .• Projection– Attributing your thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else• .– Divert emotional feelings (anger) from original source to substitute• Reaction formation– Behaving exactly opposite of your true feelings• .– Reverting to immature patterns of behavior• Rationalization– Creating a false excuse to justify unacceptable behavior• .– Increasing self image by forming with person / group Freud on Development:Stages• = physical pleasure• Psychosexual stages –OralPhallic Latency–Oral, , Phallic, Latency, .• = Excessive gratification or frustration• Overemphasis on psychosexual during fixated st ageStage10/22/20085Stage• Early or delayed weaning leads to:talkativeness.over eatinga lot“biting” sarcasmStageStage• Adults who remain fixated at the anal stage tend to be:• .• Stubborn• Obsessed with orderliness• Sloppy, , disorganized10/22/20086StageStage• The Complex– Boy’s id impulses involve sexual desire for , and a desire to eliminate the . Eventually, identifies with his .• The Complex– Girl has strong attachment to mother, and develops envy, where she blames her mother for not having a penis. Eventually transfer love to father, identifies with .Stage• If fixated at this stage, adults tend to have:– .–Problems with.Problems with .– sexual identity– Problems with stable love relationship10/22/20087PeriodStageEvaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives• Strengths – The importance of early experiences– Spurred other research and theories– The .– The role of internal conflict– The use of to respond to unpleasant experiences 10/22/20088Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives• Weaknesses– Violates the scientific principle of falsifiability –poor .–InadequatebaseInadequate base• Based on experiences of a few atypical individuals– Theory is based on retrospective accounts and fallible memories –viewsPerspectives• views– Conditioning and response tendencies• Bandura’s social theory– Observational learning– Behavior is shaped by models– Self‐efficacy• Mischel’s views– The controversy• Situational factors determine behavior, rather than traits Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality10/22/20089Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant conditioningEvaluating Behavioral Perspectives• Pros– Based on , controlled research– Explains different behaviors in different situations Major events in life can change“”–Major events in life can change • Cons– Over‐dependence on animal research– “Personality” not a valid .Perspectives• Carl Rogers’ s theory– Self‐concept• Conditional/unconditional regard•and anxiety• Abraham Maslow’s theory of .– of needs– The healthy personality10/22/200810Figure 11.7 Rogers’s view of personality structureFigure 11.8 Rogers’s view of personality development and dynamicsFigure 11.9 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs10/22/200811Figure 11.10 Maslow’s view of the healthy personalityEvaluating Humanistic Perspectives• Pros– Recognized importance of subjective views– Recognized importance of self‐ .–Led to some effective.Led to some effective .– Laid foundation for psychology• Cons– Many aspects of theory are difficult to test– Unrealistic .– More empirical research neededBiological Perspectives• theory– Determined by genes– Extraversion‐introversion• Behavioral genetics–studies– Heritability estimates• The evolutionary approach– Traits conducive to reproductive .10/22/200812Figure 11.11 Eysenck’s model of personality structureEvaluating Biological Perspectives• Pros– Convincing evidence for influence– Extensive, carefully controlled research–of neural/brain patterns and / ppersonality traits • Cons– Too much reliance on estimates– Cannot explain all behavior (no comprehensive theory of )Personality Tests• projective tests – Thematic Te st (TAT)– .Slft iti•Self‐report inventories– Factor Trait Inventory10/22/200813Psychoanalysis Personality Test s• Tests– Allow people to “ ” unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts onto stimuli–.• A test in which people are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblotsPsychoanalysis Personality Test s• Tests– Thematic Test (TAT)• A test in which people are asked to make up from a set of ambiguous picturesset of ambiguous pictures• Activity 11.3 10/22/20081410/22/200815Review of TAT• We will go over each picture and discuss what you found• There are no “right” answers10/22/200816Personality Scales• Answer a series of question about self– ‘I am easily ’ T or F – ‘I like to go to ’ T or F • Assumes that you can accurately report• There are no right or wrong answers• From responses, develop a picture of you called a ‘profile’10/22/200817Minnesota Personality Inventory• Most widely used personality instrument– Now the MMPI ‐ 2• Clinical & settingsg• Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem – e.g., extreme .• Long test ‐ questionsCharacteristics of the MMPI‐2• Has several different (multiphasic)• Scales thought to measure different kinds of