9/17/20081States of ConsciousnessOn the Nature of Consciousness • Awareness of __________and __________ Stimuli– Variations on levels of __________•–stream of consciousness__________stream of consciousness• __________– unconscious• Sleep/dreaming research__________• A family of practices that train __________ to heighten awareness and bring __________ processes under greater __________ control•& waves become•__________ & __________ waves become more prominent• __________, __________, __________, oxygen consumption, & carbon dioxide elimination __________• Possible __________ long‐term effects (but more research is needed!)9/17/20082SleepThe Sleep‐Wake Cycle• __________ Rhythm– Any periodic fluctuation in a __________ organism. •__________ Rhythm__________ y– A biological cycle that occurs approximately every __________ hours, e.g., sleeping and waking. Biological Rhythms and Sleep• __________ Rhythms –24 hr biological cycles– Regulation of sleep/other body functions• __________ pathway of the biological clock:Light levels→retina→of–Light levels →retina →__________ of hypothalamus → __________ gland → secretion of __________• Ignoring circadian rhythms• Realigning circadian rhythmsSleep__________ rhythm• __________ from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the __________• Jet lag• Shift work9/17/20083Your __________ Rhythm• Your body roughly synchronizes with the 24hour cycle of day and night through a24‐hour cycle of day and night through a biological clock called the __________ rhythm.• What is your __________ rhythm?The __________ :A Physiological Index of Consciousness• __________– monitoring of brain __________ activity•Brain‐wavesBrainwaves– __________(height)– __________(cycles per second)• __________(13‐24 cps)• __________(8‐12 cps)• __________(4‐7 cps)• __________(<4 cps)SleepMeasuring Sleep • Electrodes measure– __________ – EMG measures–__________• EEG measures– __________• A camera may also record __________.9/17/20084SleepStages of SleepSleepA Typical Night’s Sleep• Typically 4‐5 episodes of __________, (__________) sleep per night occur.Lt id–Later episodes are longer and farther apart.• Most “__________” (__________) occurs early in the night. SleepNight Work, Sleeping, and Health• __________(rotating day and night shifts) is more dangerous than night work. • About __________ traffic accidents a year are related. __________• Those who drive in the middle of the night take __________.– Brief episodes of sleep that occur in the midst of a __________ activity.9/17/20085Sleep Deprivation• Complete __________– 3 or 4 days max• Partial __________ or sleep ____________________p__________– impaired attention, reaction time, coordination, and decision making – accidents: Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez• Selective __________– REM and slow‐wave sleep: rebound effectSleepHow to Stay AwakeWhen Driving• Participants drove two hours in a __________.• During a __________, th dkff ithey drank caffeine, or a placebo, or took a nap.• Both caffeine and nap __________ the number of traffic incidents during the __________ hour.Sleep Problems• __________– difficulty falling or staying asleep• __________– falling asleep uncontrollably –Affects animals and humans• __________– reflexive gasping for air that awakens person• __________– sleepwalking9/17/20086Figure 5.6 The vicious cycle of dependence on sleeping pillsThe Nature and Contents of Dreams• __________– mental experiences during sleep– Content usually __________– Common themesWaking life spilloverday residue–Waking life spillover –day residue• Western vs. Non‐Western interpretations9/17/20087Figure 5.8 Three theories of dreaming__________ : Alter ed State of Consciousness or Role Playing?• __________ = a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility• Hypnotic __________ : individual differencesdifferences• Effects produced through __________ :– __________ – Sensory __________ and __________– __________– __________ suggestions and amnesiaDrugs & Behavior9/17/20088__________• The study of psychoactive drugs• __________ drugs–Drugs that affect the and bring changes in and__________, and bring changes in __________ and other __________ processes• A “drug” is a chemical not normally needed for physiological activity that can affect a body upon entering itPsychopharmacology• __________ – Drugs must cross a __________ in the brain’s __________ that limits which substances can enter the brain from the bloodstreamBlood‐brain barrier9/17/20089How drugs interact with the brain…– __________ drugs alter __________ interactions.– __________ block normal neurotransmitter‐receptor binding without stimulating the receptions.The “Reward Pathway”• Three brain components:– ____________________– __________Substance Abuse• The use of psychoactive drugs in ways that deviate from __________• Psychological __________– When a per son uses a drug __________ __________– Need the drug for a sense of __________ and is preoccupied with f h d i b il bl__________ of the drug it becomes unavailable– May occur with out without __________• __________(addiction)– A __________ state in which continued drug use is needed to prevent a __________ syndrome9/17/200810Substance Abuse• The use of psychoactive drugs in ways that deviate from cultural norms.• Psychological dependencehildd ( ddi i )• Physical dependence (addiction)Physical Dependence• __________ Syndrome – Physiological and psy chological disturbances resulting from a __________ of drugs– Include __________ for the drug and effects generally __________ those of the drug.• __________– Larg er doses are needed to produce the same effect.Expectations & Effects• The eff ects of drugs on behavior can be __________.–can–__________ can form by watching __________ react to drugs.– Drug effects __________ from one __________ to another.9/17/200811Types of Drugs• __________– __________– __________–__________• __________Types of Drugs• __________– Alcohol– Barbiturates• __________– __________– Cocaine– __________– Nicotine– __________Types of Drugs• __________– __________ activity of the CNS– __________ activity of GABA (__________ postsynaptic neuron activity)– __________(i.e. Amytal)•“Downers”like sleeping