9 17 2008 States of Consciousness On the Nature of Consciousness Awareness of and Stimuli Variations on levels of stream of consciousness unconscious Sleep dreaming research A family of practices that train to heighten awareness and bring processes under greater control waves become more prominent oxygen consumption carbon dioxide elimination Possible long term effects but more research is needed 1 9 17 2008 Sleep The Sleep Wake Cycle Rhythm Any periodic fluctuation in a organism Rhythm y A biological cycle that occurs approximately every hours e g sleeping and waking Biological Rhythms and Sleep Rhythms 24 hr biological cycles Regulation of sleep other body functions pathway of the biological clock Light levels retina of hypothalamus gland secretion of Ignoring circadian rhythms Realigning circadian rhythms Sleep rhythm from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Jet lag Shift work 2 9 17 2008 Your Rhythm Your body roughly synchronizes with the 24 hour cycle of day and night through a 24 hour biological clock called the rhythm What is your rhythm The A Physiological Index of Consciousness monitoring of brain activity Brain waves Brain waves height cycles per second 13 24 cps 8 12 cps 4 7 cps 4 cps Sleep Measuring Sleep Electrodes measure EMG measures EEG measures A camera may also record 3 9 17 2008 Sleep Stages of Sleep Sleep A Typical Night s Sleep Typically 4 5 episodes of sleep per night occur LLater t episodes i d are longer and farther apart Most occurs early in the night Sleep Night Work Sleeping and Health rotating day and night shifts is more dangerous than night work About traffic accidents a year are related Those who drive in the middle of the night take Brief episodes of sleep that occur in the midst of a activity 4 9 17 2008 Sleep Deprivation Complete 3 or 4 days max Partial or sleep p impaired attention reaction time coordination and decision making accidents Chernobyl Exxon Valdez Selective REM and slow wave sleep rebound effect Sleep Participants drove two hours in a During a th d they drankk caffeine ff i or a placebo or took a nap Both caffeine and nap the number of traffic incidents during the hour How to Stay Awake When Driving Sleep Problems difficulty falling or staying asleep falling asleep uncontrollably Affects animals and humans reflexive gasping for air that awakens person sleepwalking 5 9 17 2008 Figure 5 6 The vicious cycle of dependence on sleeping pills The Nature and Contents of Dreams mental experiences during sleep Content usually Common themes Waking life spillover day residue Western vs Non Western interpretations 6 9 17 2008 Figure 5 8 Three theories of dreaming Altered State of Consciousness or Role Playing a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility Hypnotic individual differences Effects produced through Sensory and suggestions and amnesia Drugs Behavior 7 9 17 2008 The study of psychoactive drugs drugs Drugs that affect the and bring changes in and other processes A drug is a chemical not normally needed for physiological activity that can affect a body upon entering it Psychopharmacology Drugs must cross a in the brain s that limits which substances can enter the brain from the bloodstream Blood brain barrier 8 9 17 2008 How drugs interact with the brain drugs alter interactions block normal neurotransmitter receptor binding without stimulating the receptions The Reward Pathway Three brain components Substance Abuse The use of psychoactive drugs in ways that deviate from Psychological When a person uses a drug Need the drug for a sense of and is preoccupied with off the h d drug it i becomes b unavailable il bl May occur with out without addiction A state in which continued drug use is needed to prevent a syndrome 9 9 17 2008 Substance Abuse The use of psychoactive drugs in ways that deviate from cultural norms Psychological dependence Physical h i ld dependence d addiction ddi i Physical Dependence Syndrome Physiological and psychological disturbances resulting from a of drugs Include for the drug and effects generally those of the drug Larger doses are needed to produce the same effect Expectations Effects The effects of drugs on behavior can be can form by watching react to drugs Drug effects from one to another 10 9 17 2008 Types of Drugs Types of Drugs Alcohol Barbiturates Cocaine Nicotine Types of Drugs activity of the CNS activity of GABA postsynaptic neuron activity i e Amytal Downers Downers like sleeping pills cause sleepiness sleepiness mild pleasure pleasure poor muscle coordination and lowered mental concentration behavioral or mental activity i e Ritalin uppers increase the release and decrease the removal of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses 11 9 17 2008 Drug Classes cont d Induce sleep and relieve pain is an active ingredient in opium and is used in pain relief is derived from morphine but is 3 times more potent Stimulate receptors normally stimulated by the body s naturally occurring painkillers Produce a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion perception and thought Reduce physiological symptoms associated with are the most typical although alcohol a depressant can have similar effects 12