Which of the following cell components are common to Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? A. Smooth ER B. Nucleus C. Plasma membrane D. MitochondriaCell Architecture • Resources: Animations: The Inner Life of a Cell: http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html Tour of Animal Cell: BioFlix animation, available through the textbook website Lysosomes: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf Other McGraw-Hill animations: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120060/ravenanimation.html Exocytosis, endocytosis: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swf Motor proteins: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=686qX5yzksU• Maintains cell shape, rigidity, flexibility. • Provides force and tension important for cell movement. • Provides “highway” to connect different organelles. CytoskeletonThree types of cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filamentsMICROTUBULES: +"#"• Hollow tube made of made of many units (alpha- and beta- tubulin). • Roles in - chromosome movement (cell division) - “highway” for vesicle and organelle movement - power cell motility in flagella and ciliaFig. 6.21 Motor Proteins of Microtubules Vesicle"ATP"Motor"protein"(ATP"powered)"Microtubule"Microtubule"Vesicles"0.25"µm"KINESIN"outwards"from"nucleus"DYNEIN"inwards"+"#"Microtubules power cell motility via flagella and cilia FLAGELLA""CILIA"15"µm"1"µm"Microfilaments (= actin filaments): Two intertwined chains. Each chain is built of many actin proteinsRoles of Microfilaments: muscle contraction, cell movement Muscle"cell"AcIn"filament"Myosin"filament"Myosin.motors.in.muscle.cell.contrac7on...Cortex"(outer"cytoplasm):"gel"with"acIn"network"Extending"pseudopodium"(a).(b).Amoeboid.movement...Fig."6#26.Microvillus!Microfilaments!Intermediate.filaments!0.25.µm!Intermediate filaments: Many subtypes Frequently made of keratin proteins (skin cells) Reinforce cell shape Provide structural support for organelles (nucleus)The emergence of cellular functions from the cooperation of many organelles 5"µm"•"Cytoskeleton:.moIlity"to"site"of"infecIon"•"ER/Golgi:.secreIon"of"defense"proteins"•.Cytoskeleton.and.endomembrane:."Uptake"of"bacteria.•"Lysosome:.degradaIon"Which elements of the cytoskeleton are forming the macrophage’s filopodia? A. Microfilaments B. Intermediate filaments C. Microtubules D. Golgi apparatusThe Inner Life of the Cell animation hVp://mulImedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html"Organizational issues WebCT -TA’s handouts, very helpful Students with disabilities – approach me ASAP Problem with clicker points? - All clicker record as of Jan 19 are now on WebCT - If you missed a class/clicker credit or two - no need to notify me or TA - -If you don’t see any clicker credits on your name – re-register your clicker. Make sure that clicker ID entered correctly. - Can’t read your clicker ID – approach me after the classCellular metabolism Cells carry a multitude of chemical reactions Metabolism: Cells total chemical reactions, using pathways dedicated to bond breaking and forming Anabolic: - building of complex molecules (“biosynthetic”), - requires energy, building blocks Catabolic: - break-down of complex molecules, - generates energy and building blocks for anabolic reactionsEnzymes: catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions Metabolic pathways: series of reactions (conversion of A into F) Substrate = > Product The product of one reaction serves as a substrate to the nextEnzymes catalyze reactions while remaining unchanged themselvesThe second law of thermodynamics: A chemical reaction can proceed only if it generates an increase in the disorder in a system (cell) Gibbs Free Energy of the system (G): Energy in a system (cell) that is free to perform work. Any reaction generates a ∆G (change in G) If.∆G.<.0,.then.reac7on.is.spontaneous.or.“downhill”.(releases.E).If.∆G.>.0,.then.reac7on.is.nonSspontaneous.or.“uphill”.(re quires.E).∆G.=.Gfinal.S.Gini7al.Cell’s reactions obey the laws of