Clicker Question Q5-1 • The size of most animal and plant cells ranges from: A. 10-100 nanometers (10-9 m) B. 10-100 micrometers (10-6 m) C. 10-100 millimeters (10-3 m) D. 10-100 centimeters (10-2 m)Architecture of Cell Resources: • Chapter 6 • BioFlix student tutorials on the textbook’s website. • Problem set #2 • Discussion sections • Office hoursTwo$types$of$cells:$A.$PROKARYOTIC$CELL$Membrane(Cytoplasm(1(µm B.$EUKARYOTIC$CELL$Cytoplasm(Membrane(“before$nucleus”$“true$nucleus”$Plasma$membrane$C$bound ary(of(cell,(selec7ve(barrier.$Cytoplasm$C$interior(of(cell,(semifluid.(The Cell Theory 1. All life forms are made from at least one cell 2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells 3. The cell is the smallest unit of lifeFig. 6.9 An Animal Cell Intermediate$filaments$ENDOPLASMIC$RETICULUM$(ER)(Rough$ER( Smooth$ER$Centrosome(CYTOSKELETON(Microfilaments$Microtubules$Microvilli(Pero xisome(Mitochondrion(Lysosome(Golgi$apparatus(Ribosomes(Plasma$membrane(In$animal$cells$but$not$plant$cells:$Lysosomes(Centrioles(Flagella((in(some(plant(sperm) Nuclear$envelope(Nucleolus(ChromaRn(NUCLEUS$Flagelium(I. Architecture of the EUKARYOTIC cell • Unicellular (ex: yeast) or multicellular (ex: animal and plants) • Contains organelles Compartmentalized – has sites that perform specialized functions Examples: • Transcription limited to nucleus • Respiration limited to the mitochondriaFig. 6.10 A. The Nucleus Nucleus(Nucleus(Chroma7n(Nuclear(envelope:(Nuclear(pore(Surface$of$nuclear$envelope.(TEM(of(a(specimen(prepared(by((a((special(technique(known(as(freezeJfracture.(1(µm(Fig. 6-12 Smooth$ER!Rough$ER!Nuclear$envelope!Rough$ER!Smooth$ER!Transport$vesicle!Ribosomes!200$nm!ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) “within cell” “net” • Majority of the membrane within cells. • Generates new membrane for other parts of cell. • Two types of ER: Rough ER - studded with ribosomes - synthesis of secreted & membrane proteins - synthesis of membranes - protein modification (glycosylation) Smooth ER - synthesis of lipids and steroids - carbohydrate metabolism - detoxificationFig. 6-12 Smooth$ER!Rough$ER!Nuclear$envelope!Rough$ER!Smooth$ER!Transport$vesicle!Ribosomes!200$nm!What(can(be(fo und (in (thi s(vesicle?(Fig. 6.11 B. Ribosomes Ribosomes(ER(Endoplasmic(re7culum((ER)(Free(ribosomes(Bound(ribosomes(Large(subunit(Small(subunit(Diagram$of$a$ribosome$0.5(µm(Ribosomes • Large complexes of proteins + RNA. . • Performs TRANSLATION, the synthesis of polypeptides. • Two types of ribosomes by location and function: 1. FREE RIBOSOMES in cytoplasm, makes cytoplasmic proteins. 2. BOUND RIBOSOMES on endoplasmic reticulum (ER), makes membrane and secreted proteins.Fig. 6-13 cis$face$(“receiving”$side$of$Golgi$apparatus)!Cisternae!trans$face$(“shipping”$side$of$Golgi$apparatus)!TEM$of$Golgi$apparatus!0.1$µm!Golgi apparatus: receiving and shipping center Other functions: Protein glycosylation (modifying sugars) Synthesis of polysaccharidesFig. 6-16-2 Smooth$ER!Nucleus!Rough$ER!Plasma$membrane!cis$Golgi!trans$Golgi!Fig. 6-14 Nucleus!1$µm!Lysosome!DigesRve$enzymes!Lysosome!Plasma$membrane!Food$vacuole!(a)$Phagocytosis!DigesRon!(b)$Autophagy!Peroxisome!Vesicle!Lysosome!Mitochondrion!Peroxisome$fragment!Mitochondrion$fragment!Vesicle$containing$two$damaged$organelles!1$µm!DigesRon!Lysosomes: digestive organelles Acidic, contain digestive (hydrolytic) ensymesFig. 6-15 Central$vacuole!Cytosol!Central$vacuole!Nucleus!Cell$wall!Chloroplast!5$µm!Plant vacuoles: versatile compartments May contain: stored proteins, waste, poisonous compounds$Organelles:$membraneCenclosed$cell$compartments$$$The$Endomembrane$System$Membrane$system$throughout$cell,$connected$directly$or$$via$transfer$of$vesicles$(small,$membraneCbound$spheres).$Includes:$1) NUCLEAR$MEMBRANE$2) ENDOPLASMIC$RETICULUM$3) GOLGI$APPARATUS$4) PLASMA$MEMBRANE$5) LYSOSOMES$/$VACUOLES$Which compartment? 1. Insulin, a secreted protein is synthesized in ______________. 2. mRNA is synthesized in _________________ 3. A damaged chloroplast will be destroyed in __________ 4. The process of adding sugars to proteins is called ____________, and it occurs in ___________ and ______________.Tour of Animal Cell: BioFlix animation, available throught the textbook websiteHomework: • Independent study: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Ch. 6, pp. 109-111 • Also read: Cytoskeleton and Extracellular matrix Ch. 6, pp.