BILD1 Final ReviewWhat stage of cell division is depicted? A. Metaphase 1 of meiosis B. Metaphase of mitosis C. Prophase of meiosis 2 D. Anaphase of mitosisWhich label points to two homologous chromosomes? A. 2 B. 8 C. 5 D. 7What does label 10 point to? A. Nuclear envelope B. Centrosome C. Plasma membrane D. Membrane surrounding the lysosomeTetrad'Chroma,n'Tetrads(line(up(Metaphase'plate'Homologous'chromosomes'separate'Sister'chroma,ds'remain'a8ached'Pairs(of(homologous(chromosomes(split(up(Chromosomes(duplicate(Homologous(chromosomes((red(and(blue)(pair(and(exchange(segments(INTERPHASE(MEIOSIS(I:(Separates(homologous(chromosomes(PROPHASE(I(METAPHASE(I(ANAPHASE(I(Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes Figure(13.8(((Meiosis II separates sister chromatids Figure(13.8(((TELOPHASE(I(AND(CYTOKINESIS(PROPHASE(II(METAPHASE(II(ANAPHASE(II(TELOPHASE(II(AND(CYTOKINESIS(MEIOSIS(II:(Separates(sister(chromaMds(Sister'chroma,ds'separate'Haploid'daughter'cells'forming'Two(haploid(cells(form;(chromosomes(are(sMll(double(• The following DNA sequence is a template strand coding for a bacterial gene. Assume that this is the beginning of the gene, that is, this is the transcription start site. What polypeptide does this nucleotide sequence code for? 5’-TACCTAACTAGTCATTGCGC-3’ Second(mRNA(base(U( C( A(G(U(C(A(G(UUU'UUC'UUA'UUG'CUU'CUC'CUA'CUG'AUU'AUC'AUA'AUG'GUU'GUC'GUA'GUG'Met'or'start'Phe'Leu'Leu'lle'Val'UCU'UCC'UCA'UCG'CCU'CCC'CCA'CCG'ACU'ACC'ACA'ACG'GCU'GCC'GCA'GCG'Ser'Pro'Thr'Ala'UAU'UAC'UGU'UGC'Tyr' Cys'CAU'CAC'CAA'CAG'CGU'CGC'CGA'CGG'AAU'AAC'AAA'AAG'AGU'AGC'AGA'AGG'GAU'GAC'GAA'GAG'GGU'GGC'GGA'GGG'UGG'UAA'UAG'Stop'Stop'UGA'Stop'Trp'His'Gln'Asn'Lys'Asp'Arg'Ser'Arg'Gly'U(C(A(G(U(C(A(G(U(C(A(G(U(C(A(G(First(mRNA(base((5’(end)(Third(mRNA(base((3’(end)(Glu'Which of the following is an example of an ionic bond? A. Interactions between amino acids glycine and valine B. Binding between thymine and adenine located on different strands of the double helix in DNA C. Two cysteine amino acids linked by a disulfide bond D. Interaction between DNA and histone proteins in a nucleosome• In fish, two alleles of a gene that determines the scales color exist: R (red) and r (brown). Another gene determines the length of the tail, and it has two alleles: T (long tail) and t (short tail). A double heterozygote male fish, with red scales and long tail is mated to a female fish with brown scales and short tail. A thousand progeny were counted with the following results: 473 Rrtt; 480 rrTt; 21 RrTt, 26 rrtt. Which of the following correctly describes the segregation of the alleles of the two genes during the meiosis the male parent? A. Genes R and T are X-linked B. Genes R and T are not linked C. Alleles R and T were present on the same chromosome D. Alleles R and t were present on the same chromosomeProteins that are coded by the genes located in the tryptophan operon are involved in what type of cellular process? A) anabolic pathway B) catabolic pathway C) Fermentation D) Signaling E) SecretionE.#coli'can'grow'on'pentose'sugar'arabinose.''Arabinose'operon'contains'genes'araA,'araB,'and'araD'genes'encode'enzymes'for'the'metabolism'of'arabinose.''The'araC'gene'encodes'transcrip,on'factor'that'regulates'the'operon.'To'understand'the'regulatory'proper,es'of'the'AraC'protein,'you'engineer'a'mutant'bacterium'in'which'the'araC'gene'has'been'deleted'and'look'at'the'effect'of'this'muta,on'on'the'AraA'expression.'''The results in the Table above indicate that the AraC protein __________ arabinose operon A. Activates B. Represses Propose a mechanism of regulation of arabinose operonWhich organelle are you expecting to be vastly expanded in the testes cells that synthesize testosterone? A. Nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. Rough ER D. Smooth ER E. Ribosomes Testosterone acts as a ligand for a testosterone hormone receptor. Where will the reception of the testosterone signal occur? A. Extracellular space B. Plasma membrane C. Cytoplasm D. NucleusWhich of the following is a transcription factor? A. Tryptophan B. CAP C. Allolactose D. Enhancer E. OperatorEGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that, when active, promotes cell division. A mutation in EGFR inhibits its function as a kinase. Such mutation is likely to result in A. Decreased cell division B. EGFR becoming an oncogene C. EGFR not able to bind its ligand D. Ras protein becoming hyperactiveThe somatic cell of unicorns are diploid. When the germ cells that will produce unicorn’s gamates are entering meiosis, the chromosomes weigh 500 picograms (pg). What will be the DNA weight in each of the gametes? A. 125 pg B. 250 pg C. 500 pg D. 750 pgOverview of Meiosis Meiosis'reduces'the'number'of'chromosome'sets'from'diploid'to'haploid'Meiosis'takes'place'in'two'sets'of'divisions:'Meiosis'I'Meiosis'II'Interphase(Homologous'pair'of'chromosomes'in'diploid'parent'cell'Chromosomes'replicate'Sister'chroma,ds'1(2('Homologous''chromosomes''separate''Sister'chroma,ds''separate'Haploid'Gametes'Meiosis(I(Meiosis(II(Figure(13.7(((Where in the mitochondrion the build-up of H+ will occur? A B C D E• Tumor-suppressor genes – Help prevent uncontrolled cell growth – May be mutated, and contribute to cancerFigure 11.19 Tumor-suppressor gene Normal growth- inhibiting protein Cell division under control Mutated tumor-suppressor gene Defective, non-functioning protein Cell division not under controlp53, a tumor suppressor Source: WikipediaApoptosisCharacteristics of Cancer Cells • Lack differentiation • Have abnormal nuclei • Form tumors – Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibition – Cancer cells have lost contact inhibition • Undergo metastasis – Original tumor easily fragments – New tumors appear in other organs • Undergo angiogenesis – Formation of new blood vesselsOrigins of Cancer: Oncogenes • Mutations in DNA repair mechanisms • Oncogenes – Proto-oncogenes promote the cell cycle in various ways – Tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle in various ways – Both normally regulated in coordination with organism’s growth plan – If either mutates, may lose control and become oncogeneThe Progression of a Cancer Figure 11.20a • Colon cancer begins as an unusually frequent division of normal-looking cells in the colon lining Colon wall Cellular changes: