Water TreatmentSlide 2World WaterSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7U.S.A.Slide 9Iowa WaterSlide 11Hardness and Trace MetalsSlide 13Four Water Quality CharacteristicsPhysical CharacteristicsSlide 16Chemical CharacteristicsDental FlourosisSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Water TreatmentCE 326 Principles of Environmental EngineeringFebruary 18, 2008Tim Ellis, Ph.D., P.E.•c_____________ drinking c_____________ drinking water has the greatest impact on water has the greatest impact on human health for > ___% of world’s populationhuman health for > ___% of world’s population•worldwide deaths due to contaminated drinking worldwide deaths due to contaminated drinking water are approximately 14,000 - 25,000 per daywater are approximately 14,000 - 25,000 per day•25% of hospital beds occupied by people 25% of hospital beds occupied by people infected with waterborne illnessesinfected with waterborne illnesses•currently the world’s population that lack’s currently the world’s population that lack’s access to “safe” drinking water is 18% or 1.1 access to “safe” drinking water is 18% or 1.1 billion billion (Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)(Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)World WaterWorld Water•____ billion are without proper ____ billion are without proper sanitationsanitation•More than 5 million people die each More than 5 million people die each year from diseases caused by year from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, lack of unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation, and insufficient water for sanitation, and insufficient water for hygiene. hygiene. •In fact, over 2 million deaths occur In fact, over 2 million deaths occur each year from water-related each year from water-related diarrhea alone. diarrhea alone. •Insufficient sanitation of water and Insufficient sanitation of water and sanitation disproportionately affect sanitation disproportionately affect women, children, and the poor.women, children, and the poor.World Water•The majority of deaths from water-related diarrhea are The majority of deaths from water-related diarrhea are among children under 15, and women. among children under 15, and women. •At any given time, almost ____ of the people in At any given time, almost ____ of the people in developing countries suffer from water-related diseases. developing countries suffer from water-related diseases. •Agriculture accounts for more than 90 percent of global Agriculture accounts for more than 90 percent of global water consumption. water consumption. •The inefficient use of water for irrigation has led to The inefficient use of water for irrigation has led to depletion of groundwater resources in many of the depletion of groundwater resources in many of the world’s most important agricultural regions, and is the world’s most important agricultural regions, and is the primary source of groundwater pollution in parts of primary source of groundwater pollution in parts of Europe, the US, and Asia.Europe, the US, and Asia.World Water•During the 1990s, about _____ million people in developing During the 1990s, about _____ million people in developing countries gained access to improved drinking water, countries gained access to improved drinking water, demonstrating the possibility for major improvements in safe demonstrating the possibility for major improvements in safe water access worldwide.water access worldwide.•At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders agreed to the goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people agreed to the goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. •To meet this goal, an additional ___ billion people will need To meet this goal, an additional ___ billion people will need access to adequate water, and ___ billion will need improved access to adequate water, and ___ billion will need improved sanitation. sanitation. •The annual investment required to meet the goal is estimated The annual investment required to meet the goal is estimated to be $___ billion, nearly twice the to be $___ billion, nearly twice the current level of investment.current level of investment.World Water•Within ___ years, half the world's population could have trouble finding enough fresh water for drinking and irrigation (BBC News, Wednesday, 15 December, 1999). •The study was carried out at Colorado University, which surveyed river basins all over the planet to identify those under most pressure. •It found a third of the world's people already live in regions considered to be "water-stressed" - where there is not enough, or barely enough water to go around.World Water•Areas at risk Waterways under most pressure included –China's Yellow River basin, –the Zambezi River in Africa, –and the rivers that lead into the Aral Sea in Central Asia. •Most of the water from those sources is used for irrigation, not drinking, according to the study's leading author, Kenneth Strzepek. He says that with rising populations, half the world's people will find it hard to get enough water for crops and livestock within ___ years, and still have enough left to drink themselves.U.S.A.•In the U.S.A. approximately ___ billion gallons of In the U.S.A. approximately ___ billion gallons of water is withdrawn from surface and groundwater water is withdrawn from surface and groundwater supplies daily.supplies daily.•About ___% of this amount (32 bgd) is used for About ___% of this amount (32 bgd) is used for public water supplies.public water supplies.•Approximately 50,000 c_____________ water systems Approximately 50,000 c_____________ water systems supply 80 to 90% of the U.S. population.supply 80 to 90% of the U.S. population.•On average, Americans use ____ gal/person/day. On average, Americans use ____ gal/person/day. (This includes industrial uses and system losses).(This includes industrial uses and system losses).•About ____ people do not have running water in their About ____ people do not have running water in their homes.homes.•The split between surface water and well water is The split between surface water and well water is about _______.about _______.•In rural areas _____% of the population uses In rural areas _____% of the population uses groundwater.groundwater.•20%