1http://www.lifewater.cahttp://www.sontek.com/guide/guidepix/adv-water-treatment-2.jpgCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering - Spring 2008I. Water TreatmentWorldwide Water and Sanitation ConditionsC c_____________ drinking water has the greatest impact on human health for > _____% of world’s populationC worldwide deaths due to contaminated drinking water are approximately 14,000 - 25,000 per dayC 25% of hospital beds occupied by people infected with waterborne illnessesC currently the world’s population that lack’s access to “safe” drinking water is 18% or 1.1 billion(Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)C _______ million are without proper sanitationC More than 5 million people die each year from diseases caused by unsafe drinkingwater, lack of sanitation, and insufficient water for hygiene. In fact, over 2 milliondeaths occur each year from water-related diarrhea alone. At any given time, almosthalf of the people in developing countries suffer from water-related diseases.C Insufficient supplies of water and sanitation disproportionately affect women,children, and the poor. The majority of deaths from water-related diarrhea are amongchildren under 15, and women. At any given time, almost _______ of the people indeveloping countries suffer from water-related diseasesC Agriculture accounts for more than ______ percent of global water consumption. Theinefficient use of water for i__________ has led to depletion of groundwaterresources in many of the world’s most important agricultural regions, and is theprimary source of groundwater pollution in parts of Europe, the United States, andAsia.C During the 1990s, about ____ million people in developing countries gained access toimproved drinking water, demonstrating the possibility for major improvements insafe water access worldwide.C At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders agreed to the goal of halving, by 2015,the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. To meet this goal, anadditional ____ billion people will need access to adequate water, and ___ billion will need improvedsanitation. The annual investment required to meet the goal is estimated to be $___ billion, nearly twicethe current level of investment.C Within ____ years, half the world's population could have troublefinding enough fresh water for drinking and irrigation (BBCNews, Wednesday, 15 December, 1999). The study was carriedout at Colorado University, which surveyed river basins all overthe planet to identify those under most pressure. C It found a third of the world's people already live in regionsconsidered to be "water-stressed" - where there is not enough, orbarely enough water to go around. C Areas at risk. Waterways under most pressure included China'sYellow River basin, the Zambezi River in Africa, and the riversthat lead into the Aral Sea in Central Asia. C Most of the water from those sources is used for irrigation, not drinking, according to the study'sleading author, Kenneth Strzepek. He says that with rising populations, half the world's people will findit hard to get enough water for crops and livestock within _____ years, and still have enough left todrink themselves.2A. U.S.A.< In the U.S.A. approximately _______ billion gallons of water iswithdrawn from surface and groundwater supplies daily.< About ___ of this amount (32 bgd) is used for p__________ w______ s_____________.< Approximately 50,000 c____________________ water systems supply80 to 90% of the U.S. population.< On average, Americans use __________ gal/person/day. (Thisincludes industrial uses and system losses).< About ___________ people do not have running water in their homes.< The split between surface water and well water is about _______ .< In rural areas ______ of the population uses groundwater.< 20% of all public water supply wells and 29% of wells in urban areashave detectable levels of at least one v___________ o_____________c__________________.1< At least 13 organic chemicals that are confirmed animal or humanc_____________________ have been detected in drinking water wells.1< Toxic organics were found in some wells in almost every state east ofthe Mississippi, t_________________________________ (TCE) wasthe most prevalent.1< 1000 public drinking water systems that serve 12 million people in theU.S. exceed n________ levels at least some of the time. 8.7 million ofthese people are in California.2B. Iowa< In Iowa, ______________ of our drinking water comes fromgroundwater supplies.< Iowans use an average of ______ gal/person each day.< Farms lose ______________ tons of soil each year. Soil runoff is theleading pollutant in Iowa's waterways.< Iowa has lost over _______________ of its wetlands.< Iowans apply more f____________ than all states except Illinois.< In 1996 there were ___________ fish killed from manure and chemicalspills.< About ______ of public water systems had excessive bacterial counts.< Trihalomethanes were detected in over ____________ of samples overa seven year period. Only 10% of samples exceed drinking waterstandards.< High nitrate levels were found in _____ of private wells and 2% ofpublic water systems.< The herbicide atrazine was found in _______ of drinking watersamples. Only 1% of samples exceed drinking water standards.3II. Water Quality CharacteristicsA. Hardness and Trace Metals3C life expectancy for white males over 45 years of age hasn't changed much since 1900 (mainly due tolittle progress in the control of c__________________ disease)C in 1959 researchers noticed a large discrepancy between rates of cardiovascular heart disease dependingon g_________________ locationC significant negative correlations were found between m________________ from cardiovascular heartdisease and magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate, fluoride, dissolved solids, specific conductance,and pHC most significant negative correlation was for h___________________C mortality from cardiovascular heart disease in hard water areas has been shown to be h________ that insoft water areasC t____________ metals may be an important factorC c______________________ of water may be an improtant factorC studies in Texas have shown a relationship between the levels of l_____________ in groundwater andincidence of schizophrenia, psychosis, neurosis, personality problems, and homocidal tendencies.U. S. Geological Survey Classification of HardnessClassification Hardness,