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ISU CE 326 - AIR POLLUTION

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AIR POLLUTIONAir Pollution FactoidsAir pollution EpisodesSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Donora, PASlide 8Slide 9Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols and Soot (particulates)Slide 11Primary vs. secondary pollutantsStationary vs. mobile sourcesSlide 14Slide 15Effects of air pollutionSlide 17DefinitionsSeven Major Pollutants of ConcernOzone Nonattainment AreasSO2 Nonattainment AreasLead (Pb) Nonattainment AreasPM10 Nonattainment AreasCO Nonattainment AreasParticulatesSize of ParticulatesHealth EffectsSlide 28Sulfur OxidesSlide 30OzoneSlide 32Slide 33Nitrogen OxidesCarbon MonoxideVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Other Air PollutantsAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTIONCE 326 Principles of Environmental CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Engineering Prof. Tim EllisProf. Tim EllisJanuary 18, 2008January 18, 2008Air Pollution FactoidsAir Pollution FactoidsAmericans make the equivalent of _____ round trips to the moon each year in their automobiles.National air quality levels have shown significant improvements over the last _____ years in the U.S.Since 1970, aggregate emissions of the six principal pollutants have been cut by ____%, while the gross domestic product has increased 164%, energy consumption has increased _____%, and vehicle miles traveled has increased ________%._____ million tons of pollution are emitted into the air each year in the U.S.Air pollution EpisodesAir pollution EpisodesMeuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, 60 deaths60 deathsDonora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Halloween weekendHalloween weekendLondon, England, 1952 – 4000 deathsLondon, England, 1952 – 4000 deathsCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityL’Indépendance Belge 6-12-1930Le Peuple 6-12-1930De Standaard 7-12-1930Le Soir 12-12-1930De Standaard 8-12-1930Le Soir 11-12-193019301930Donora, PADonora, PADonora, PADonora, PACentral London during the killer smog, December 1952. At this point, visibility is less than 30 feet. During the height of the smog, people could not see their own hands or feet, and buses had to be led by policemen walking with flares.Credit: 'When Smoke Ran Like Water', by Devra Davis, Perseus Books"Night at Noon." London's Piccadilly Circus at midday, during a deadly smog episode, this time in the winter of 1955.Credit: 'When Smoke Ran Like Water', by Devra Davis, Perseus BooksResearch by Rutgers University's Paul Lioy and others shows that as the amount of smoke and pollutants in the air shot up during the week of Dec. 5, 1952, so did the death rate in greater London. Estimates say the smog killed anywhere from 4,000 to 11,000 people. Credit: Paul Lioy, Rutgers UniversitySmog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols and Soot (particulates)Aerosols and Soot (particulates)Air Pollution FactoidsAir Pollution FactoidsApproximately _____ million people live in counties where monitored air in 2002 was unhealthy at times because of high levels of at least one of the six principal air pollutants the vast majority of areas that experienced unhealthy air did so because of one or both of two pollutants - ______ and _________________, PM10Clean Skies legislation currently being considered would mandate additional reductions of _______% from current emission levels from power plants through a c_____ and t_________ programOf the six pollutants (NOX, Ozone, SOX, PM10, CO, lead) ground level _________ has been the slowest to achieve reductionsPrimary vs. secondary pollutants Primary vs. secondary pollutants Primary pollutantPrimary pollutant - discharged directly - discharged directly into the atmosphere (e.g., automobile into the atmosphere (e.g., automobile exhaust)exhaust)Secondary pollutantSecondary pollutant - -formed in the formed in the atmosphere through a variety of chemical atmosphere through a variety of chemical reactions (e.g., photochemical smog)reactions (e.g., photochemical smog)CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityStationary vs. mobile sourcesStationary vs. mobile sourcesStationary SourcesStationary Sources Contribute approximately 40% of total air Contribute approximately 40% of total air pollution pollution •98% of SO98% of SOXX, , •95% of particulates, 95% of particulates, •56% of total hydrocarbons, 56% of total hydrocarbons, •53% of NO53% of NOXX, and , and •22% of CO22% of COCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityStationary vs. mobile sourcesStationary vs. mobile sourcesMobile SourcesMobile Sources Contribute approximately 60% of total air Contribute approximately 60% of total air pollution pollution •78% of CO, 78% of CO, •47% of NO47% of NOXX, , •44% of total hydrocarbons, 44% of total hydrocarbons, •5% of particulates, and 5% of particulates, and •2% of SO2% of SOXXCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversitySource: WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R-96-005. CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityNational Emissions Inventory from EPASee:Effects of air pollutionEffects of air pollutionDamage to h_______ h_______ and w_______Damage to h_______ h_______ and w_______Damage to v_____________ and a__________Damage to v_____________ and a__________Damage to m_________ and structuresDamage to m_________ and structuresA___________A___________D_________ and r__________D_________ and r__________D__________ c__________ a__________D__________ c__________ a__________I________ c__________ a__________I________ c__________ a__________E________________ c____________E________________ c____________Damage to the atmosphere, soil, and waterDamage to the atmosphere, soil, and waterCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityAir Pollution EffectsStatue damaged by acid rainMelon leaves damaged by ozoneFeedlotDefinitionsDefinitionsc__________ pollutant – pollutant that is regulated based on health or environmental criteriaNAAQS - National A_______________ A_______ Quality Standards - revised in 1987, set air quality standards.SIP – State


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