AIR POLLUTIONSeven Major Pollutants of ConcernParticulatesSlide 4Size of ParticulatesHealth EffectsSlide 7Sulfur OxidesSlide 9OzoneSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Nitrogen OxidesCarbon MonoxideSlide 16Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Other Air Pollutants“Pyramid of Effects”Slide 20AIR POLLUTIONCE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim EllisJanuary 23, 2009Seven Major Pollutants of Concern 1. P_____________2. S________ Oxides (SOX)3. O________4. N_________ Oxides (NOX)5. Carbon M_____________ (CO and other hyrdrocarbons)6. Volatile O_________ Compounds (VOCs)7. L_____ (& others: mercury, other inorganic metals, radon, HCl)CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State Universitywww.lbl.gov/Education/HGP-images/air-pollution.jpgParticulates•released d__________ into the air•largely a result of s_________ sources•a nearly u_________ urban pollutant. “Although particulate levels in North America and Western Europe rarely exceed 50 micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter (µg/m3) of air, levels in many Central and Eastern European cities and in many developing nations are much higher, often exceeding 100 μg/m3 (http://www.wri.org/wr-98-99/urbanair.htm).”en.epochtimes.com/news_images/2005-10-14-air-pollution.jpg0 100 200 300United StatesEgyptColombiaMexicoChileSweden France CanadaVenezuelaGreeceSouth AfricaKenyaArgentinaItalyEcuadorBrazilNicaraguaCosta RicaPanamaGhanaHondurasGuatemalaNepalThailandIran, Islamic RepChinaIndia IndonesiaNigeriaPakistanPopulation-weight PM10 concentrations g/m3Global distribution of urban PM10 concentrationsAdapted from Reference Urban populationAnnual concentration0 % 20 % 40 % 60 %80 %100 %Cumulative percentage of urban populationSize of Particulates•PM2.5-100 : 2.5 to 100 μ in diameter, usually comprise s_______ and d_____ from industrial processes, agriculture, c__________ and road traffic, p________, and other natural sources. •PM2.5: particles less than 2.5 μ in diameter generally come from combustion of f_______ fuels.•vehicle exhaust s______, which is often coated with various chemical contaminants•fine sulfate and nitrate a_____ that form when SO2 and nitrogen oxides condense in the atmosphere. •largest source of fine particles is c____-fired power plants, but auto and diesel e_______ are also prime contributors, especially along busy transportation corridors. CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2008 Tim Ellis, Iowa State UniversityHealth Effects•S______ particulates most damaging (PM2.5)•PM2.5 aggravate existing h____ and lung diseases•changes the body's defenses against i______ materials, and damages l_____ tissue. •E______, children and those with chronic lung or heart disease are most sensitive•lung impairment can persist for 2-3 weeks after e__________ to high levels of PM2.5•C_______ carried by particulates can also be toxicScience 307:1857-1861, News Focus, March 2005Sulfur Oxides •Sulfur Oxides (SOX, mainly SO2) •emitted largely from burning c____, high-sulfur o___, and d________ fuel.•usually found in association with p_________ •SO2 is the p_____ for fine sulfate particles (separating the health effects of these two pollutants is difficult) •SO2 and particulates make up a major portion of the pollutant l_____ in many cities, acting both separately and in c________ to damage health. •concentrations are higher by a factor of _____ in a number of cities in Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America, where residential or industrial coal use is still prevalent and diesel traffic is heavy•major component of a____ r_____Health Effects•SO2 affects people q_____, usually within the first few minutes of e_________•SO2 exposure can lead to the kind of a______ health effects typical of particulate pollution.•Exposure is linked to an increase in h___________ and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular causes, especially among a___________ and those with preexisting respiratory diseases •severity of these effects increases with rising SO2 levels, and e____________ enhances the severity by increasing the volume of SO2 inhaled and allowing SO2 to penetrate deeper into the respiratory tract•Asthmatics may experience w_________ and other symptoms at much lower SO2 levels than those without asthma. •When o_________ is also present, asthmatics become even more sensitive to SO2 indicating the potential for synergistic effects among pollutantsOzone•major component of p____________ smog •formed when _____ from fuel combustion react with VOCs•S_____ and heat stimulate ozone formation, peak levels occur in the s_________. •W________ in cities in Europe, North America, and Japan as auto and industrial emissions have increased. Many cities in developing countries also suffer from high ozone levels, although few monitoring data exist •powerful o________, can react with nearly any biological tissue.Ozone•concentrations of 0.012 ppm can irritate the respiratory tract and impair l____ function, causing coughing, shortness of breath, and c_______ pain. •Exercise increases these effects, and heavy exercise can bring on symptoms even at low ozone levels (0.08 ppm).•ozone exposure l_______ the body's defenses, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections •As ozone levels rise, hospital a___________ and emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses such as asthma also increase. •hospital admissions rise roughly 7 to 10 percent for a 0.05 ppm increase in ozone levels.•in 13 cities where ozone levels e______ U.S. air standards, the American Lung Association estimated that high ozone levels were responsible for approximately 10,000 to 15,000 extra hospital admissions and 30,000 to 50,000 additional emergency room v_____ during the 1993-94 ozone season www.laist.com/attachments/la_carolyn/smog.jpgPreventable health effects due to a 10% reduction of environmental levels of PM10 and ozone between 2000 and 2020101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000Mortality Chronic morbidityMorbidity1All ages Child mortalityChronic bronchitisAsthma attacksChildren: Acute bronchitisMexico CitySao PauloSantiagoNew YorkcasesSource: Cifuentes et al , 2001Nitrogen Oxides•principal p_______ component of photochemical smog•component of a____ rain (NOX is oxidized to NO3- in the atmosphere, NO3- reacts with moisture to form nitric acid H2NO4)•formed i__________ due to high temperature of combustion of