Chapter 8 – CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSISClinical PsychologyWitchcraft and Mental IllnessWitchcraft in EuropeHow Can You Tell She’s a Witch?Don’t Confuse the Inquisition with the Witch TrialsWitchcraft in the USAEarly Institutions and CuresPictures of Interior of BedlamBenjamin Rush (1745-1813)Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826)Changes at the BicetreMarat/SadeWild Boy of AveyronJohann Guggenbuhl (1816-1863)William Tuke (1732-1822)Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)State Institutions in the USDeinstitutionalizationLightner Witmer (1867-1956)Desperate CuresMesmerismHypnosisSigmund Freud (1856-1939)Breuer and the case of Anna O.Freud’s Drug UseFreud & CharcotFreud’s Medical PracticePsychoanalytic TechniquesFreud’s Seduction TheoryModifications to his TheoryFreud’s Major WorksTheory of Personality DevelopmentFreud & His FollowersLater CareerCHAPTER 8 – CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSISDr. Nancy AlvaradoClinical PsychologyLike psychology in general, clinical psychology is very new but its roots are ancient.Despite this, reforms in care of the mentally ill only occurred in the 18th century and clinical psychology was established as a subfield in 1876.It is now a central area of psychology, dominating the American Psychological Association.Clinical psychologist is what most people think of when they hear the word psychologist.Witchcraft and Mental IllnessDespite enlightened views by Greeks such as Hippocrates & Antiphon, and Roman Galen, the mentally ill were generally equated with sin & evil.Throughout the dark and middle ages they were regarded as subhuman and subjected to barbaric abuses and scapegoated.Mental illness was frequently equated with Witchcraft and possession by the devil.Joan of Arc may be an example, since she reported hearing voices (hallucinations), first a mystic then a witchWitchcraft in EuropeMalleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches) published late 1480’s said witchcraft arises from unsatisfied lust, which is never satisfied in women. This “textbook of the Inquisition” was an incitement to torture & mass murder, 200-500,000, 85% female.It was written by two Dominican priests (Sprenger & Kramer) & used with the full authority of the Pope.3 main sections: (1) proof witches exist, (2) descriptions of characteristics & actions of witches, (3) how to examine a witch to ensure full confession.How Can You Tell She’s a Witch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp_l5ntikaUSince people believed that no natural power could overcome witchcraft, the outcome of a confession was death by hanging, burning or drowning. Women were offered hanging instead of burning as an inducement to confess.This Monty Python clip is funny because it seems absurd to us now, but the Inquisition was serious.Don’t Confuse the Inquisition with the Witch TrialsIn the 12th century, spreading moral corruption (illegal marriage, extraordinary wealth) among the clergy drove people to heretical movements.The Inquisition’s main focus was to eradicate these and later sects (Cathars, Albigensians, Waldensians, etc.)The Malleus Haereticorum (Hammer of Heretics) described how to identify and punish heretics.Dominicans were the inquisitors and the methods of torture were similar, but heretics had more rights and were not killed by the church (only by locals).Witchcraft in the USAWitch trials were common in New England after they had largely died out in Europe.The Salem witch trials began when 8 young girls developed symptoms diagnosed as bewitchment.19 people were hanged, 1 was pressed with stones.The following Spring, the governor released the remaining 150 accused people. Laws were rewritten making witchcraft difficult to prosecute.Ergot poisoning may have produced their symptoms or perhaps hysteria.Early Institutions and CuresMany retarded and mentally ill people were treated as criminals and locked up in “fools’ towers, fool’s homes, or lunatic asylums.In 1130 a convent became the first mental institution.In 1543 Henry VIII chartered the Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, known as “Old Bedlam” (uproar).Bars, manacles and chains were common in asylums in England and the USA.Inmates were starved in baskets over the dining table.Bizarre cold water & whirling cures and blood-letting.Pictures of Interior of BedlamKeepers were only paid what they could collect from those wanting to see inmates as entertainment.Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)Considered the father of American psychiatry, Rush was an enthusiastic advocate of blood-letting, almost killing himself with it to cure Yellow fever.Blood-letting was used to “quiet the blood” because excessive stimulation and excitement produced mental & physical illness (Brunonian system).Rush founded a wing for treatment of the insane at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelpha.His belief that the insane deserved treatment was admirable but his methods were barbaric.Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826)Pinel is considered the father of scientific psychiatry.His personal experience with a manic-depressive friend motivated his interest in studying insanity.Daquin asserted that insanity was a disease that could be understand by the methods of natural science.Encouraged by Daquin, Pinel urged humane treatment of the insane, not beatings or ridicule.As a result he was appointed Director of the Bicetre asylum in Paris (1793).Changes at the BicetreIn a cautious and systematic way, Pinel began removing chains from the inmates.8 years earlier, Chiarugi outlawed chains in Italy.One of the men released later saved Pinel from a lynch mob accusing him of poisoning wells & harboring rich.He used the minimal restraint necessary for safety.Deaths fell from 50-60% to about 12% after he implemented his changes.In 1795 he was appointed head of La Salpetriere, the women’s asylum with 8000 inmates.Marat/SadeThe Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates at the Asylum of Charenton under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade (by Peter Weiss).The characters in a play depicting the French Revolution (15 years earlier) are played by inmates with various symptoms. The audience is nobility, as was common. The time is 1794.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcJKxrDczSo&feature=relatedWild Boy of AveyronPinel was asked to examine a boy of 12 who had walked out of the woods of Saint-Serin