CHAPTER 5 – EDWARDTITCHENER AND HUGOMUNSTERBERGDr. Nancy AlvaradoTwo Students of Wundt Edward Titchener & Hugo Munsterberg Both emigrated to the USA and conducted psychology labs: Titchener at Cornell University in NY. Munsterberg at Harvard University. Titchener is not as similar to Wundt as he has been portrayed in some histories of psychology. Munsterberg was more famous but also infamous –is he a victim or a visionary?Edward Titchener (1867-1927) Titchener refined Wundt’s technique of introspection and to study sensation and it Structuralism. He defined this as the study of the structure of the conscious mind. Titchener translated Wundt’s majorwork “Principles of PhysiologicalPsychology” into English. He considered himself a “trueWundtian” all his career.Academic GownsCambridge Dr. of Philosophy graduation gown.Middle-length gown with sleeves similar to what Titchener and other scholarship students were required to wear at Cambridge.Colors mean different things in doctoral regalia.Titchener’s Version of Wundt Like Wundt, Titchener presented demos during his lectures and attracted many undergrads. Like Wundt, Titchener was a prolific writer: 216 works including 6 major books. “Experimental Psychology” – a 4-volume lab manual. Like Wundt, he dictated the problems his students should study.  Unlike Wundt, he was inflexible when his basic assumptions about psychology were challenged and considered his approach a “model laboratory.”Structuralism For Titchener, psychology was the study of the mind. He rejected the idea of a homunculus (mental mannikin) – a mind within the mind that doing the thinking. Psychology has a three-fold task: Analyze the sum total of mental processes, their elements and how they go together. Discover the laws determining the connections between these elements. Work out in detail the correlations of mind and nervous system.Structuralism (Cont.) To accomplish psychology’s tasks, experiments must be conducted. For Titchener, experiments consisted entirely of introspections made under standard conditions. This approach became known as structuralism. Mental processes must be observed, interrogated and described in terms of observed facts. He used Wundt’s techniques to carry out introspection. Observers needed extensive training (10,000+ controlled observations) to peform correct introspection.Elements of Consciousness Titchener’s views of the elements of consciousness were influenced by the British associationists. Sensations are the “feels” of the perceptual world. Images comes from objects not present – ideas. Both sensations and ideas have describable qualities. The third mental element is feelings – emotional reactions accompanying mental experience. Complex mental states combine sensations, ideas and feelings via attention. Meaning comes from context and is lost with repetition.Criticisms of Titchener Over the years his approach using introspection became more rigid and limited. Uninterested in applied or clinical psychology, considering animal & child psychology impure and less important. Introspections are always retrospections (based on memory not immediate experience, with distortions). Introspections are remote from consciousness as it is subjectively experienced. Dull and irrelevant.More Criticisms Because introspection itself is a conscious process it must interfere with the consciousness it aims to observe -- reflexivity concern is derived from Kant. Dunlap published “The Case Against Introspection”inthe 1912 Psychological Review. A demonstration of correct introspection at the 1913 Yale APA Conference was unconvincing to anyone. Eventually the technique of introspection became extinct.The Controversial Titchener Brash, autocratic, dogmatic. He dismissed Behaviorism as a passing academic fad. Harsh and unyielding with former students but warm and supportive of those he considered loyal. Those students who resented his interference in their lives were excommunicated. Despite this, he was cultured, spoke several languages and could be warm and compassionate. He stuck by Watson during his crisis at Johns Hopkins.Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) Munsterberg studied with Wundt at Leipzig (1883). Seaching for “will” in the contents of consciousness he could only identify muscle movements, so he developed a theory of behavior based on these. His view of emotion as conscious recognition of one’s bodily state is similar to William James. Structuralism was the dominant approach in the USA until replaced by newer approaches. He could never accept Functionalism and Behaviorism.James-Lange Theory of EmotionSee a bear, react by running away, notice the bodily state and conclude “I must be afraid.”See a bear, recognize the danger, feel fear, run away.See a bear, recognize it and feel fear, notice bodily state and interpret that too.Musterberg’sapproachMunsterberg’s Early Career Taught at University of Freiburg. Restated his theory of will and was criticized by Titchener and Wundt in public, praised by Will. James. Established Germany’s second psychology lab. William James arranged for him to direct Harvard’s newly created psychology lab. Briefly returned to Germany but came back to the USA after encountering anti-semitism and in-fighting there. In 1900, wrote his first major book (Principles of Psychology), dedicated to William JamesMunsterberg’s Writing Style Munsterberg illustrates an ongoing conflict between popular writing and academic writing. He wrote books that appealed to the general public, quickly, using dictation, usually in German (later translated to English). He published often in popular magazines. He repeated himself often, ignoring contributions of others and claiming too much credit for himself. He seldom published complete data or detailed analyses of his results.Applied Psychology He disliked Titchener’s narrow, restrictive approach. He considered structuralism precise but not useful. He was a purpose-oriented functionalist psychologist who refused to give a definition of psychology. It is more natural to drink water than to analyze it into its chemical elements. His lifelong concern was application of psychology in the service of humanity (although he always considered