Why Women Fainted Fainting and “fainting rooms” were common in the 18thand 19thcentury because of the tight lacing of corsets required to be fashionable. Corsets restricted breathing, compressed internal organs and put pressure on bones in the rib cage. Constriction of women’s ability to move freely and modification of their bodies in the name of beauty is analogous to foot-binding in Asian culture. Reform movements gave women experience organizing that was useful in suffrage and temperance movements.Earlier Bustles were BiggerBritish fashion 1880, busts were padded tooFrench fashion 1765used Pannier side hoops underneath1890’s StylesGrey cotton bustle stuffed with horsehair. These soft quilted bustles became popular in the early 1890's when the old style jutting out 1880's bustle went out of fashion.In the 1860s, corsets were stiffened with whalebone or steel. By the 1880s, the dress reform movement was campaigning against the pain and damage to internal organs and bones caused by tight lacing.Flapper Styles (1920s)Flapper styles were easier to sew and thus accessible to middle class women.CHAPTER 12 – PAVLOVAND WATSONDr. Nancy AlvaradoIvan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, into a “pure Russian” religious family, the oldest of 11 kids. He abandoned the idea of becoming a priest after reading Darwin’s “Origin of the Species” and Sechenov’s “Reflexes of the Brain.” Pavlov left seminary to attend the University of St. Petersburg where Sechenev was professor of physiology. Sechenev had demonstrated that a higher brain center could inhibit activity of a lower one using frog reflexes.Pavlov’s Early Research Pavlov graduated in 1875 and won a medal for his research on pancreatic nerves. In 1878, Botkin invited him to direct a new lab in experimental medicine, where he earned an M.D. Botkin thought stress caused most diseases as the central nervous system failed to adapt to the demands of life. He worked in Germany, then returned to Russia and had trouble finding a job, starving with no heat, but continuing his research in his apt. In 1891, hired at St. Petersburg Military Academy.Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiments In 1895, Pavlov was hired at Univ. of St. Petersburg and he earned a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work studying digestive processes. Pavlov’s aim was to study living systems. His dogs went through the same surgical procedures as people, including sepsis and anesthesia procedures. He developed a surgically created miniature stomach pouch to study digestion uncontaminated by food. He discovered that a gastric reflex occurred even without food present elicited by a “psychical reflex.”Psychical Reflexes Pavlov’s Nobel speech was not about digestion but about psychical reflexes occurring without food. Ovsianitskii’s dissertation was about salivation to a variety of stimuli, including sight of food or a bowl or the footsteps of the lab personnel who fed the dogs. Pavlov designed a “Tower of Silence” to isolate dogs from all other stimuli except the ones being studied (buzzers, metronomes, tactical and thermal stimuli). Generalization of the CS was also demonstrated, and secondary conditioning (pairing first CS with a 2ndone).More Conditioning Phenomena Pavlov’s co-worker Tolochinov discovered extinction via presentation of the CS without food. He also found that dogs could be trained to discriminate between two stimuli (CS+ signalling food and CS- signalling absence of food). Pavlov believed these produced excitation or inhibition in the cortex.  When a CS- occurred many times, dogs went to sleep. Dogs could discriminate between accelerating and decelerating metronome speeds.Ivan Petrovich PavlovResearch on Neuroses Dogs trained to discriminate ellipses and circles with a ratio of 8/7 showed acute neuroses when the ratio was changed to 9/8. Neuroses included disrupted behavior, biting, barking. Dogs nearly drowned in a lab flood showed changes in behavior after rescue, including easily disrupted CRs, sensitivity to stimuli, especially water. A simultaneous presentation of food and shock induced neurosis – this was reduced by sodium bromide given to inhibit excitation.Pavlov on Individual Differences Pavlov found 4 types of dogs with large individual differences in learning & discrimination: Sanguine – strong & lively, conditioned easily. Excitation and inhibition were balanced. Melancholic – slow and depressed, learned slowly with poor discrimination/generalization. Inhibition dominant. Choleric – unstable and impetuous, learned easily but little discrimination, easily neurotic. Excitation excessive. Phlegmatic – inert and slothful, showed poor learning, resistant to experimental neurosis. Inhibition dominant.Individual Differences (cont.) The sanguine and melancholy types seemed most common but all dogs were different. Pavlov believed the types were genetically determined but he studied the influence of environment, raising dogs in different conditions: Total freedom with varied contacts with dogs & humans. Isolation in individual cages with little contact. At 3 months, isolated dogs were more frightened of everything, but habituated quickly to isolation.Pavlov’s Later Life Pavlov was initially hostile to the Bolsheviks who took power in 1917 because they took his Nobel Prize award money. Lenin approved of his research and gave the Pavlovs special treatment & supported his research. During famine Pavlov rejected the rations because they did not include his lab and dogs, growing a garden. Pavlov visited the US twice, including Yerkes primate lab at Yale. Later Pavlov changed his views and supported the govt, especially against Germany.Pavlov’s Diverse Research Beyond his conditioning experiments, Pavlov did a wide range of comparative studies, including studies of problem solving using chimpanzees. He visited Kohler but rejected his idea of insight learning; more sympathetic to Thorndike’s trial & error. He believed his chimps gained “practical experience” while roaming freely later applied to problem solving. He was devoted to science, punctual to a fault, a severe taskmaster, shouting insults at his workers. “Happiness is nothing – the dogs mean all.” he said.Conditioning Before Pavlov The phenomenon of conditioning was known before