Chapter 13 (Goodwin) – psychology’s practitionersResearch vs PracticePh.D vs Psy.D vs MDWhat About Counseling?Researchers vs PractitionersThe Limited Role of PsychologistsDeaths in WWIDeaths in WWIIPsychological Effects of WWIIBattle StressesExamples of Shell ShockThe Boulder ModelThe Eysenck StudyBehavior TherapySystematic DesensitizationOther Behavioral ApproachesHumanistic PsychologyTwo Important HumanistsAbraham MaslowCarl RogersRogers in AcademiaClient-Centered TherapyThe Vail ConferenceRecent Changes in the FieldRemainder of ChapterCHAPTER 13 (GOODWIN) – PSYCHOLOGY’S PRACTITIONERSDr. Nancy AlvaradoResearch vs PracticePsychologyExperimental PsychologyClinical PsychologyPsychonomic SocietyAPS (Association for Psychological Science)Ph.D.APA (American Psychological Association)Ph.D. or Psy.DPh.D vs Psy.D vs MDClinical PracticePsychiatryClinical PsychologyClinical ResearchMental Health CareM.D. withInternship in Psychiatry & board certification +Psychoanalytic Training (optional) Ph.D. with research dissertation + clinical internship & licensurePsy.D with supervised practice instead of dissertation + clinical internship & licensureWork in universityWork in clinicWork in hospital or clinicWhat About Counseling?PsychiatryProblems with Living and Personality DisordersMajor Axis disorders(mental illness)Clinical PsychologyMental Health Care•Counseling (MFT & school)•Social work and social service agencies•Pastoral counseling•Therapy for adjust- ment problems Therapy, diagnosis and testing, coordination of care in agencies/institutionsManagement of drug and other medical treatment, evaluation of organic factors, institutional careResearchers vs PractitionersPrior to WWII, academic psychology dominated the APA but that gradually changed.First, clinical psychologists formed other organizations.The balance shifted in 1962 when those in nonacademic (clinical) jobs outnumbered academics.The APA was restructured in 1982 to include divisions to restore the status of experimental psychology.Experimental psychologists formed the Psychonomic Society (1960) and later, the APS (1988).The split represents different values & interests.The Limited Role of PsychologistsBefore the war, psychologists worked under psychiatrists (who had medical training) and psychologists were limited to administering tests.There was little formal training except on-the-job.During the war psychologists began providing therapeutic services because the need was so great.The govt NIMH funded training of clinical psychologists.Psychologists were recognized as expert diagnosticians and therapists, no longer restricted to a clinic setting or supervised by a psychiatrist.Deaths in WWIDeaths in WWIIPsychological Effects of WWII40% of casualties of the Battle of Guadalcanal (1942) requiring evacuation were psychological ‘breakdowns.’Of the first 1.5 million medical discharges, 45% were for psychiatric reasons.At the end of the war, 44,000 people were hospitalized at the VA for mental disorders, compared to 30,000 for physical wounds.Psychiatry could not meet the need for treatment.Battle StressesTrying to understand what had contributed to the tremendous psychiatric casualty levels of this prolonged battle, Lidz (1946, p. 194) concluded that:“…there were many factors preying on the emotional stability of the men. The tension of suspense in one form or another was among the most serious; waiting to be killed, for death had begun to seem inevitable to many, and some walked out to meet it rather than continue to endure the unbearable waiting; waiting for the next air raid and the minutes of trembling after the final warning; waiting for the relief ships; waiting without acting through the jungle nights, listening for the sounds of Japs crawling, or for the sudden noise that might herald an attack; waiting even in sleep for the many warning sounds. The fears were numerous: of death, of permanent crippling, of capture and torture, of ultimate defeat in a war that was starting so badly . . . [as well as] fear of cowardice . . . and of madness.”“In this first offensive battle of the war it became clear that the incapacitating wound could arrive with the mail from home . . . the loss of a girlfriend, the fight with parents” (Lidz, 1946, p. 195).Examples of Shell ShockFilms of Shell Shock in WWI:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsSkL3Yl0rA&feature=relatedUS Army documentary on battle stress (1947): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE6kw1qp3n8General Patton slapping incident (from the movie Patton (1970):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Huxzr_keJT0The Boulder ModelDavid Shakow headed the APA’s Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP) in 1947.71 professionals met at the Univ. of Colorado in Boulder to create a blueprint for training.3 forms of expertise were needed:Diagnosis – training in assessment was provided.Therapy – a year-long internship was required.Empirical research – a dissertation was required.This “scientist-practitioner” approach was known as the Boulder ModelThe Eysenck StudyIn 1952, Hans Eysenck published “The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation” suggesting that traditional psychotherapy was ineffective.He compared 5 psychoanalytic studies and 14 eclectic therapies with a control group of 2 studies of “neurotics” without treatment (from insurance records).Improvement was 72% for controls compared to 44% for psychoanalysis and 64% for the eclectic therapies.The methods were flawed but the study damaged the reputation of psychotherapy in the 50’s & 60’s.Behavior TherapyBehaviorists challenged psychoanalytic approaches by developing alternative therapies applying the results of their studies.Hobart & Mowrer developed a treatment for bed-wetting involving a bell ringing when a sheet was wet, attacking deep-seated psychoanalytic explanations.Eysenck developed “behavior therapy” & a journal.Wolpe developed systematic desensitization, a behavior modification technique to treat phobias (irrational fears) based on learning theory.Systematic DesensitizationHe applied Mary Cover Jones’s approach of pairing a fear response with a pleasure response (counter-conditioning).Cats were shocked when they approached food, then the fear response was replaced with food in rooms gradually changed to resemble the original room.He used progressive