PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Research Proposal1. Introduction (with or without)2. Specific aims (a few sentences: what do you want to do?)3. Significance (one paragraph): How important is this research)4. Background (what has been done?)5. Proposed research (methods: how will you plan to do?)6. ConclusionsLength of the proposal: ~1800 wordsDue dates: The title is due on Nov. 4(3 points)The outline is due on Nov. 13(3 points)The draft is due on Nov. 25 (4 points)The final proposal is due on Dec. 4 (40 points)0 . AbstractGas Chromatography1. Introduction2. Stationary phases3. Retention in Gas-Liquid Chromatography4. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography5. Sample preparation and inlets6. Detectors(Chapter 2 and 3 in The essence of chromatography)Detectors1. Thermal conductivity detector (TCD): Bulk physical property2. Ionization Detectors:3. Optical Detectors4. Electrochemical detector5. Spectroscopic detectors (Chapter 9)1. The Basics for Detectors:a. Minimizing extra-column band broadeningb High-sensitivity detection(1) Limit of Detection: what is the smallest amount of solute to be detected?(2) Sensitivity: How small of a change in mass or concentration can be detected? How fast its signal changes with a change in the amount or concentration of solutesS/N >3(3) Linearity or dynamic range: what mass or concentration range can be detected?(4) Selectivity: What compounds are to be detected (all or a few)?i. A universal detector is one which shows a response for all solutes ii. A selective detector is one which responds to only certain types of solutes.2. Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)a. Detector design of TCD is based on an electronic circuit known as Wheatstone bridge.b. When a current is applied, the voltage between pints (+) and (-) in the circuit will will be zero as long as the following relationship is true:R1/R2 =R3/R4e. Temperature changes leads to resistance changes of resistors. c. In a TCD, one of these resistors is placed in contact with mobile phase leaving the column and another in a reference stream containing only pure mobile phase.d. As current is passed through the circuit, the wire in the resistors are heat. For those in contact with the mobile phase and reference stream, some of this heat is removed. f. Most compound separated in GC have thermal conductivity of 1-4 X 10-5.f. Selectivity: The response of a TCD is about the same for all compounds. Exceptions include low MW compounds (<40 MW), which may show higher responses.g. Limit of detection: ~10-7 M3. Ionization Detectors:a. Flame Ionization detector (FID)i. The FID is the most common type of GC detector (universal detector).ii. The FID measures the production of ions when a solute is burned in a flame. These ions are collected at an electrode and create a current, allowing the solute to be detectedf. Linear range: a 103-fold range; dynamic range: a105-fold rangeiii. A hydrogen/air flame is commonly used in FID since on ionic species are usually produced by this fuel mixture. This gives rise to a zero background current.iii. Limit of detection: ~ 10-10 Miv. Linear range: a 105-fold range; dynamic range: a107-fold rangeb. Nitrogen-phosporus detector (NPD) Flame Ionization detector (FID)i. The NPD is also known as an alkali flame ionization detector (AFID)ii. A NPD is based on the same basic principles as an FID. However, a small amount of alkali metal vapor in the flame, which greatly enhances the formation of ions from nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds. The NPD is about 300-fold more sensitive that an FID in detecting nitrogen-containing compounds, and 600-foldMore sensitive in phosphorus-containing compoundsiv. Limit of detection: ~ 10-10 Mv. Linear range: a 106-fold range iii. Applications: Organophosphate and in drug analysis For determination of amine-containing or Basic drugs.c. Electron capture detector (ECD)i. The ECD is a radiation-based detector selective for compound containing electronegative atoms, such as halogen. ii. Principle: (i) An ECD is based on the capture of electrons by electronegative atoms in a molecule. The electrons are produced by a radioactive source, such as 3H and 63Ni. N2 + β- N2+ + e-Ar2 + β- Ar2+ + e-(ii) In the absence of solute, a steady stream of these secondary electrons is produced that goes to a collector electrodes and produce a current (iii) As a solute with electronegative atoms elute from column, the soluteCapture some of the secondary electrons, reducing the current.A trace amount of methaneiv. Limit of detection: 10-14 M to 10-16 M v. Linear range: a 103 to 104-fold range iii. Applications: An ECD is selective for any compounds with electronegative atoms such as halogen (I, Br, Cl, F), and sulfur-containing compounds.4. Optical Detectorsa. Flame photometric detector (FPD)i. The FPD is a selective detector usually used for phosphorus- and sulfur-containing compounds. ii. Principle:The FPD is based on the release of lightfrom excited atoms in a flame. The selectivityOf an FPD comes from the detection of Light at an emission wavelength Characteristic for the element of interest.Iii By including a collector electrode above The flame, the same detector can be used bothAs an FPD and FID.iv. Limit of detection: 10-14 Mv. Linear range: a 104 for phosphorus, and a 103-fold range for sulfur iii. Applications: An FPD is selective for any compounds containing any atoms emitting light in the wavelength monitored. It is usually used for detecting phosphorus- and sulfur- containing compound, which emit light at 526 and 394 nm respectively.b. Atomic emission detector (AED)Excitation source: plasmas (i.e., inductively coupled argon plasmas5. Electrochemical detectorElectrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD). The ELCD is used primarilyAs an element-selective detector for halogen-, sulfur- and nitrogen-Containing compounds.Detectors1. Thermal conductivity detector (TCD): Bulk physical property2. Ionization Detectors:3. Optical Detectors4. Electrochemical detector5. Spectroscopic detectors (Chapter 9)Gas Chromatography1. Introduction2. Stationary phases3. Retention in Gas-Liquid Chromatography4.