PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Liquid Chromatography1. Introduction and Column Packing Material2. Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography4. Column Preparation6. Detectors(Chapter 4 and 5 in The essence of chromatography)3. Method Development5. General Instrumental aspectsE. Low- and High-performance liquid chromatography1. Many types of liquid chromatography are available based on different stationary phase and mobile phase combinations. Each type of liquid chromatography may be further characterized on its overall efficiency, or performance. 2. Low-performance liquid chromatography is a term used to describe LC methods which used large, non-rigid materials (i.e., particles > 40 μm in diameter). The use of such a support give rise to poor system efficiencies and large plate heights. This produces the following characteristics:(a) Broad peaks, poor limits of detection(b) Long separation times(c) Low operating pressures and flow-rates3. A typical separation obtained using low-performance liquid chromatography is shown below.4. An example of the equipment used in performing low-performance liquid chromatography is a packed bed column is shown. In this format, low-performance liquid chromatography is also called column chromatography.5. In such a system, sample is usually applied to the column by direct application to the top of the column. Detection is usually performed by fraction collection, followed by later analysis of the fractions. 6. Due to its simple system requirements and low cost, low-performance liquid chromatography is popular in sample purification and in the removal of interferences from sample. It is also used in some analytical applications, but this is not as common due to its low efficiency, long analytical time, and poor limits of detection. 7. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a term that describes LC techniques which use small, uniform, rigid supports (i.e., <40 μm in diameter in theory, but usually 3-10 μm in practice). The use of such a support gives rise to good system efficiencies and small plate heights. This results in the following: (a) narrow peaks, good limits of detection (b) short separation times (c) high operating pressures and fast flow-rates. uAvg = ΔP dp2* εe2/[180 η (1- εe)2L] (Darcy equation)8. An example of a separation obtained using HPLC is shown below9. A typical system used for HPLC is as follows:10. In such a system, the higher operating pressures needed for mobile phase delivery requires that special pumps and other system components be used. Sample is usually applied using a closed system (i.e., injection valve) and detection is typically performed using a flow-through detector11. Due to its fast analysis times, good limits of detection, and ease of automation, HPLC is usually the LC technique of choice for analytical applications. These characteristics also make it popular in purification work. 12. Some disadvantages of HPLC in preparative work includes it greater expense and lower sample capacities the low-performance liquid chromatography.F. Elution1. Retention and elution of solutes in LC depends on the interactions of solutes with both the mobile and stationary phases.2. To describe how well solutes are retained on a column with different solvents, the terms weak mobile phase and strong mobile phase are use.3. As in GC, solutes can be eluted from a column by using either constant column conditions or gradient elution.(a) The use of a constant mobile phase composition to elutes is known as isocratic elution.(b) Gradient elution is LC is normally performed by changing the composition of the mobile phase with time. Known as solvent programming, this is done by going from a weak mobile phase to a strong one.(c) Solvent programming can be done in one or more steps, each involving a stepwise, linear or nonlinear changes in mobile phase content.(d) Examples of several types of solvents gradients are shown below(e) The advantages of solvent programming vs. isocratic elution are:i. Improved resolution of peaks.ii. Faster analysis timesiii. Sharper peaks and better limits of detectioniv. Decrease peak tailingv. Greater number of peaks can be separatedvi. Hi % D at end of run allows better column clean-up. f. Disadvantages of solvent programingi. Expensiveii. Requires re-equilibration of column after each run.g. Temperature-programming can be used in LC, but is much less common than GCh. Flow-programming can be used in LCLiquid Chromatography1. Introduction and Column Packing Material2. Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography4. Column Preparation6. Detectors(Chapter 4 and 5 in The essence of chromatography)3. Method Development5. General Instrumental