Woodrow Wilson and World War I New Freedom Program Globalization of America o New World Order Prior US enjoyed geographical distance from European conflict Ends due to industrialization and global trade US now threatened by European conflict Wilson saw America as new world leader For democracy and moral order The Great War o 1914 1918 America saw war as out of blue Triple Entente Allied Powers France Britain Russia Triple Alliance Central Powers Germany Hungary Italy Formed over land gains and power struggles in Europe Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28 1914 Assassinated by Bosnian Princip Lead to WWI o Military Technologies Military and civilian casualties of 36 million 16 million killed 20 million wounded Caused by military tactics that did not keep up with technology Trench warfare Dig trenches and fight from them to gain advances Use of barbed wire Left trench and crossed no man s land to engage enemy 475 miles of trenches existed Suffered from flooding trench fever and foot and mortar fire Supplies were few lice was high and smell was bad Machine Guns Invented by Hiram Maxim American Moves to London in early 1880 s Offers machine gun to Britain they don t take it Germans invent own version and have thousands by 1914 High Velocity Long Range Rifles Hit target from 1000 yards produced in US Aerial bombing first use from planes and blimps Britain used Sopwith Camel Germany used Fokker Junker Wright brothers created first fixed wing aircraft Poison gas first used by French Refined and used effectively by Germans in 1915 Gas units are created and manufactured in US Includes tear gas mustard gas and chlorine o o o Flamethrowers Land Mines Long Range Artillery Big Bertha travel along railways Armored tanks World War one demanded self propelled armored vehicles that could navigate any terrain British called them land ships Little Willy Design leaked out as water tanks reason for being tanks Total of 61 million fought Perils of Neutrality America was first divided by who to support German immigrants supported Central Powers Anglophiles supported Allied Powers Battle of Somme July 1 1916 Public support of Allies rise after huge casualties Propaganda for support for each side Allied War Loans 2 Billion to Allies 27 Million to Germany Before US entered War Wilson wanted to help Britain War at Sea Britain declares North Sea a warzone begin mining search and seizure policy Germans create U boats submarines Advantage element of surprise Violates internationally understood procedures under high seas o Safety of passengers before sinking ship Sunk Lusitania May 7 1915 o Among 1198 passengers killed 128 Americans o Treated as act of piracy on high seas o America was outraged o Demanded Germany stop and pay for Lusitania o Germany pledged liners would not be sunk without warning and safety of noncombatants if liners do not try to escape or resist US moves to state of war preparedness Progressive leaders champion peace movement National Defense Act of 1916 Expands regular army from 90k to 175k Naval Construction Act of 1916 Authorize 3 year ship building program with 600 mil budget January 1917 has resumed unrestricted submarine attacks Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany 1917 Zimmerman Telegram Telegram from Germany to Mexico If war broke between US and Germany Mexico could ally with Germany and return lands of Texas New Mexico and Arizona By march 5 US merchant ships sunk by U boats Wilson goes to Congress to declare war on Germany 6 April 1917 Uses rhetoric world must be safe for democracy Despite recent act military was small and unprepared Conscription Draft May 1917 All men 21 to 30 must sign up for military service First contingent of Americans land in France in June 1913 under Gen Pershing 2 Million Americans cross Atlantic 1 4 Million see active service o Allied Victory Italian lines collapsed and Russians fell to Bolshevik party Germany saw weakening of Allies Second Battle of Marne July 1918 Germans pushed back into Belgium Germany begins seeking best terms Both sides agree to Armistice November 11 1918 Based on Wilson s 14 points 16 million deaths 20 million wounded US deaths 114k o Progressive saw opportunity for social engineering Hoped to instill good moral values Provided education to prevent spread of STDs and VD Gained policing of red light districts and arrested prostitutes Offered religious services and dances for men Plan fell short of goals Mobilizing the home front o 1916 Council of National Defense Other wartime agencies introduced under this council 1917 US Shipping Board Within 2 years constructed 40 steel boats monthly 1917 Food Administration Reduce civilian use of food for soldiers Meatless Tuesdays Wheat less Wednesdays Pork less Saturdays Victory Gardens and produce creative foods from leftovers 1917 Fuel Administration Germany introduced daylights savings time to save money for war We made a board for it 1917 War Industrial Board Most important allocate raw materials order manufacturers Order plant construction fix prices with president approval Lead by Bernard Baruch holds total control of US economy o Mobilizing workers War left huge gaps in labor force women and minorities filled roles Great Migration of African Americans from farmers to industrial worker Mexican move from south to north as well National War Labor Board 1918 o Prevent any strikes or workers disputes o Ensured 8 working hour day o Time and a half for overtime o Equal pay for women 1 million women join workforce for first time o Work as streetcar conductors machine shops armaments industry chemical plants o Short lived move into male space o After war women return to domestic sphere Provided women opportunity to claim vote In 1919 women Congress passes 19th amendment o Women s right to vote Alice Paul National Women s Party American propaganda to create national unity but suppressed Nay Sayers Germans bear greatest brunt German music language and opera banned Renamed German foods o Sauerkraut Liberation Cabbage o German sausage Liberation Sausage Leads to witch hunt for spies Congress passes 1917 Espionage and Sedition Act o Illegal to criticize war leaders and policies An unsettled peace o Wilson s 14 Points Open Diplomacy no secret treaties Free Trade Barriers to trade between countries should be removed National self determination groups in Europe should be given independence League of Nations introduced to keep peace o Treaty of Versailles 28 June