27Brain-Testicular AxisSlide 3Hormonal Regulation of Testicular FunctionSlide 5Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone ActivityMale Secondary Sex CharacteristicsSlide 8Female Reproductive AnatomySlide 10The OvariesSlide 12OvariesSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and OviductsUterine TubesSlide 20UterusSlide 22Supports of the UterusPeritoneal PouchesUterine WallSlide 26EndometriumUterine Vascular SupplySlide 29VaginaSlide 31Slide 32Female External Genitalia: DeepExternal Genitalia: Vulva (Pudendum)Slide 35Slide 36Mammary GlandsStructure of Lactating Mammary GlandsBreast CancerBreast Cancer: Detection and TreatmentOogenesisOogenesis: PubertyPowerPoint PresentationOvarian CycleFollicular PhaseSlide 46Slide 47OvulationLuteal PhaseEstablishing the Ovarian CycleCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHuman Anatomy & PhysiologySEVENTH EDITIONElaine N. MariebKatja HoehnPowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community CollegeC H A P T E R27The Reproductive SystemP A R T BCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsBrain-Testicular AxisHormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and testicular androgen production involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsBrain-Testicular AxisTesticular regulation involves three sets of hormones:GnRH, which indirectly stimulates the testes through: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)Gonadotropins, which directly stimulate the testesTesticular hormones, which exert negative feedback controlsCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHormonal Regulation of Testicular FunctionThe hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LHFSH causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosteroneABP binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenesisCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHormonal Regulation of Testicular FunctionFeedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from:Rising levels of testosteroneIncreased inhibinFigure 27.10Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsMechanism and Effects of Testosterone ActivityTestosterone is synthesized from cholesterolIt must be transformed to exert its effects on some target cellsProstate – it is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) before it can bind within the nucleusNeurons – it is converted into estrogen to bring about stimulatory effectsTestosterone targets all accessory organs and its deficiency causes these organs to atrophyCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsMale Secondary Sex CharacteristicsMale hormones make their appearance at puberty and induce changes in nonreproductive organs, includingAppearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hairEnhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voiceSkin thickens and becomes oilyBones grow and increase in densitySkeletal muscles increase in size and massCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsMale Secondary Sex CharacteristicsTestosterone is the basis of libido in both males and femalesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFemale Reproductive AnatomyOvaries are the primary female reproductive organsMake female gametes (ova)Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)Accessory ducts include uterine tubes, uterus, and vaginaInternal genitalia – ovaries and the internal ductsExternal genitalia – external sex organsCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFemale Reproductive AnatomyFigure 27.11Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe OvariesPaired organs on each side of the uterus held in place by several ligamentsOvarian – anchors the ovary medially to the uterusSuspensory – anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wallMesovarium – suspends the ovary in between Broad ligament – contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovariumCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe OvariesFigure 27.14aCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOvariesBlood supply – ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine arteryThey are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea, which is covered by a layer of epithelial cells called the germinal epitheliumEmbedded in the ovary cortex are ovarian folliclesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOvariesEach follicle consists of an immature egg called an oocyteCells around the oocyte are called:Follicle cells (one cell layer thick) Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOvariesPrimordial follicle – one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocytePrimary follicle – two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyteSecondary follicle – has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrumCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOvariesGraafian follicle – secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovaryOvulation – ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicleCorpus luteum – ruptured follicle after ovulationCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOvariesFigure 27.12Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsUterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and OviductsReceive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilizationEmpty into the superolateral region of the uterus via the isthmusExpand distally around the ovary forming the ampullaThe ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called fimbriaeCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsUterine TubesThe uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated