22Respiratory SystemSlide 3Slide 4Major Functions of the Respiratory SystemSlide 6Function of the NoseStructure of the NoseSlide 9Slide 10Nasal CavitySlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and ConchaeParanasal SinusesPharynxSlide 20NasopharynxSlide 22OropharynxSlide 24LaryngopharynxLarynx (Voice Box)Framework of the LarynxSlide 28Vocal LigamentsSlide 30Vocal ProductionMovements of Vocal CordsSphincter Functions of the LarynxTracheaSlide 35Conducting Zone: BronchiConducting Zone: Bronchial TreeSlide 38Conducting ZonesRespiratory ZoneSlide 41Slide 42Respiratory MembraneAlveoliSlide 45Slide 46Gross Anatomy of the LungsOrgans in the Thoracic CavityTransverse Thoracic SectionLungsBlood Supply to LungsSlide 52PleuraeSlide 54BreathingPressure Relationships in the Thoracic CavitySlide 57Pressure RelationshipsSlide 59Slide 60Lung CollapsePulmonary VentilationBoyle’s LawInspirationSlide 65ExpirationSlide 67Pulmonary PressuresPhysical Factors Influencing Ventilation: Airway ResistanceSlide 70Airway ResistanceResistance in Repiratory PassagewaysAlveolar Surface TensionLung ComplianceFactors That Diminish Lung ComplianceSlide 76Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHuman Anatomy & PhysiologySEVENTH EDITIONElaine N. MariebKatja HoehnPowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community CollegeC H A P T E R22The Respiratory SystemP A R T ACopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsRespiratory SystemConsists of the respiratory and conducting zonesRespiratory zone:Site of gas exchange Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoliCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsRespiratory SystemConducting zone: Conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchangeIncludes all other respiratory structures (e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilationPLAYPLAYInterActive Physiology ®: Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures, page 3Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsRespiratory SystemFigure 22.1Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsMajor Functions of the Respiratory SystemTo supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxideRespiration – four distinct processes must happenPulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the lungsExternal respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsMajor Functions of the Respiratory SystemTransport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissuesInternal respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissuesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunction of the NoseThe only externally visible part of the respiratory system that functions by:Providing an airway for respirationMoistening and warming the entering airFiltering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matterServing as a resonating chamber for speechHousing the olfactory receptorsCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStructure of the NoseNose is divided into two regions:External nose, including the root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex Internal nasal cavityPhiltrum – a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apexThe external nares (nostrils) are bounded laterally by the alaeCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStructure of the NoseFigure 22.2aCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStructure of the NoseFigure 22.2bCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavityLies in and posterior to the external noseIs divided by a midline nasal septumOpens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via internal naresThe ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the roofThe floor is formed by the hard and soft palatesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavityVestibule – nasal cavity superior to the nares Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired airOlfactory mucosaLines the superior nasal cavity Contains smell receptorsCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavityRespiratory mucosa Lines the balance of the nasal cavity Glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to help destroy bacteriaCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavityFigure 22.3bCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavityInspired air is: Humidified by the high water content in the nasal cavityWarmed by rich plexuses of capillariesCiliated mucosal cells remove contaminated mucusCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasal CavitySuperior, medial, and inferior conchae:Protrude medially from the lateral wallsIncrease mucosal areaEnhance air turbulence and help filter airSensitive mucosa triggers sneezing when stimulated by irritating particlesCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFunctions of the Nasal Mucosa and ConchaeDuring inhalation the conchae and nasal mucosa:Filter, heat, and moisten airDuring exhalation these structures:Reclaim heat and moistureMinimize heat and moisture lossCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsParanasal SinusesSinuses in bones that surround the nasal cavitySinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the airCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPharynxFunnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the:Nasal cavity and mouth superiorlyLarynx and esophagus inferiorlyExtends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebraCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPharynxIt is divided into three regionsNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxCopyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsNasopharynxLies posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid, and superior to the level of the soft