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NORTH BIOL& 242 - Endocrine System II: Inferior Glands

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Endocrine System II: Inferior GlandsSlide 2Adrenal (Suprarenal) GlandsPowerPoint PresentationAdrenal Cortex AldosteroneRegulation of Blood Volume and PressureSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Glucocorticoids and the Zona FasciculataAndrogens and the Zona ReticularisSteroid Hormones Come From CholesterolSlide 13Hormones of the Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Response to StressSlide 16Pancreas: An Exocrine and Endocrine Organ in OneBeta Cells of Pancreatic Islets: InsulinAlpha Cells of Pancreatic Islets: GlucagonPancreatic Hormones and Blood SugarSlide 21Pineal Gland: MelatoninThymus: ThymosinHormones of the Ovaries: EstrogenHormones of the Ovaries: ProgesteroneHormones of the Testes: TestosteroneOther Hormone-Producing Tissues and OrgansEndocrine Function of the PlacentaDevelopmental Aspects of the Endocrine SystemSlide 30Endocrine System II: Inferior GlandsAdrenal Gland Hormones•Cortex HormonesAldosterone (mineralocorticoids)Cortisol (glucocorticoids)Androgens (gonadocorticoids)•Medulla HormonesEpinephrine and Norepinephrine (catecholamines)Pancreas•Beta cell hormone: insulin•Alpha cell hormone: glucagonOther Endocrine Tissues •Thymus•Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)Endocrine System II: Inferior GlandsAdrenal Gland Hormones•Cortex HormonesAldosterone (mineralocorticoids)Cortisol (glucocorticoids)Androgens (gonadocorticoids)•Medulla HormonesEpinephrine and Norepinephrine (catecholamines)Pancreas•Beta cell hormone: insulin•Alpha cell hormone: glucagonOther Endocrine Tissues •Thymus•Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)Adrenal (Suprarenal) GlandsTwo parts that act as if separate glands•Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers•Medulla – inner neural tissue regionSits on top of the kidneysAd-renal both mean “upon orEpi-nephros next to the kidney”&• CortexKidney• MedullaAdrenal glandCapsuleZonaglomerulosaZonafasciculataZonareticularisAdrenalmedullaThree Layers of Cortex and the Medula: Four Sources of HormonesMedullaCortexFigure 16.13aProduces mineralocorticoids like aldosteroneProduces glucocorticoids like cortisone and cortisolProduces androgens like estrogens and testosterone (gonadocorticoids)Produces catecholoamines like epinephrine and norepineprhineAdrenal Cortex AldosteroneType: Type: Steroid hormonesSteroid hormones, classified as mineralocorticoids, , classified as mineralocorticoids, aldosteronealdosterone most important of these, made in the zona glomerulosa of adreal cortexmost important of these, made in the zona glomerulosa of adreal cortexRegulation: Regulation: Decreased blood pressure stimulates kidneys to release renin, triggers formation of angiotensin II stimulating aldosterone release. Humoral hyponatremia/ hyperkalemia stimuates release. ACTH release during stress stimulates release. Aldosterone release inhibited by atrial natururetic peptide (ANP) from heart.Target:Target: Tubules of the kidney Tubules of the kidneyAction:Action: Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure; causes secretion of K+ in the urine.HypersecretionHypersecretion: : Aldosteronism usually from adrenal tumors; causes hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ and excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons and muscleHyposecretionHyposecretion: : Aldosterone insufficiencyAldosterone insufficiency causes sodium loss, causes sodium loss, hyperkalemia, acidosishyperkalemia, acidosisAldosterone and the Zona GlomerulosaRegulation of Blood Volume and PressureRegulation of Blood Volume and PressureRegulation of Blood Volume and PressureRegulation of Blood Volume and PressureGlucocorticoids and the Zona FasciculataType: Type: Steroid hormone, classified as glucocorticoids, Steroid hormone, classified as glucocorticoids, cortisolcortisol most most important of these, made in the zona fasciculata of adreal corteximportant of these, made in the zona fasciculata of adreal cortexRegulation: Regulation: Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH produced by anterior pituitary; patterns of eating and activity, stressTarget:Target: Nearly all cells. Nearly all cells.Action:Action: Keeps blood sugar levels relatively constant. Maintains blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors. Promote normal cell metabolism by causing fat and protein conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis - a kind of “reverse glycolysis”). Promotes rise in blood glucose (a hyperglycemic hormone), fatty acids, amino acids. Help resist long-term stressors. Decreases edema and pain-producing prostaglandins.HypersecretionHypersecretion: : Cushing’s syndrome: Depression of cartilage and bone formation, reduction of inflammatory response, depression of immune system; moon face, “buffalo hump” Also seen with ACTH hypersecretion.HyposecretionHyposecretion: : Addison’s disease (adrenalcortico insufficiency): coupled with deficits in aldosterone, Decrease in glucose and Na+ levels, weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension. Skin pigmentation. Also seen with ACTH hyposecretion.Androgens and the Zona ReticularisType: Type: Steroid hormones, classified as gonadocorticoids; mostly Steroid hormones, classified as gonadocorticoids; mostly androgens (male sex hormones, converted to testosterone in tissue) or androgens (male sex hormones, converted to testosterone in tissue) or estrogen in females, made in the zona reticularis of adreal cortexestrogen in females, made in the zona reticularis of adreal cortexRegulation: Regulation: Stimulated by ACTH from hypothalamus; inhibition mechanism unknownTarget:Target: Urogenital tissue, hair follicles, muscle and bone tissue Urogenital tissue, hair follicles, muscle and bone tissueAction:Action: Contributes to the onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive HypersecretionHypersecretion: : Virilization (rapid sex development); in children: pubic hair, acne, body odor, muscle and skeletal growth, precocious puberty (before 8-9 yrs old); in adults: cessation of menstruation, excessive hair, masculinationHyposecretionHyposecretion: Often associated with : Often associated with Addison’s disease (adrenalcortico insufficiency) since the whole adrenal cortex makes insufficient hormones.Steroid Hormones Come From CholesterolEndocrine System II: Inferior GlandsAdrenal Gland Hormones•Cortex HormonesAldosterone (mineralocorticoids)Cortisol (glucocorticoids)Androgens


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NORTH BIOL& 242 - Endocrine System II: Inferior Glands

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