27PowerPoint PresentationSlide 3Slide 4TestesSpermiogenesis (64-72 days)Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11OogenesisSlide 13Slide 14Uterine (Menstrual) CycleSlide 16Uterine CycleSlide 18Slide 19Sheep vs Human UteriMammary GlandsPowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal CollegeC H A P T E RCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.27 The Reproductive SystemCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.2PenisInternal spermaticfasciaSuperficial inguinalring (end of inguinal canal)Urinary bladderSpermatic cordDuctus (vas) deferensAutonomicnerve fibersTesticular arteryEpididymisPampiniformvenous plexusTunica vaginalis(from peritoneum)Tunica albugineaof testisMiddle septumof scrotumCremaster muscleExternal spermaticfasciaSuperficial fasciacontaining dartos muscleSkinScrotumCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.3a•Online Bull reproductive tract dissectionSection of a testicle of a steer, blood vessels injected with red gelatine. 1 parenchyma2 mediastinum testis3 tunica albuginea 4 tail of epididymis 5 head of epididymis6 spermatic cord with convoluted testicular arteryBull testes: Schematic drawing of testicle and epididymis. 1 Tunica albuginea, 2 Septula testis, 3 Lobulus testis, 4 Mediastinum testis, 5 Tubuli seminiferi contorti, 6 Tubuli seminiferi recti, 7 Rete testis, 8 Ductuli efferentes testis, 9 Ductus epididymidis, 10 initial part of deferent ductCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.3cSpermatogeniccells in tubuleepitheliumInterstitial cellsAreolarconnective tissueSpermMyoidcells (c)SeminiferoustubuleCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Testes•Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules•Tightly coiled structures•Function as sperm-forming factories•Empty sperm into the rete testis•Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis•Interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosteroneFigure 16.1Cross section of seminiferous tubuleCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Spermiogenesis (64-72 days)FSHLumenLumentestosteroneMaturation sequenceLH (ICSH)++testosterone+Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.TailMidpiece HeadSperm: Head (Acrosome + Nucleus), Midpiece (Mitochondria), TailCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.10PeritoneumInfundibulumUterine tubeOvaryUterusRound ligamentVesicouterine pouchUrinary bladderPubic symphysisMons pubisUrethraClitorisExternal urethralorificeHymenLabium minusLabium majusSuspensoryligament of ovaryUterosacralligamentPerimetriumRectouterinepouchRectumPosterior fornixCervixAnterior fornixVaginaAnusUrogenital diaphragmGreater vestibular(Bartholin’s) glandFimbriaeCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.12aVaginaExternal osCervical canalInternal osWall of uterusPerimetriumMyometriumEndometriumRound ligament of uterusUterinetubeInfundibulumFimbriaeIsthmusAmpullaLumen (cavity)of uterusSuspensoryligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tubeOvarian bloodvesselsMesosalpinxMesovariumBroadligament MesometriumOvaryOvarian ligamentBody of uterusUreterUterine blood vesselsIsthmusUterosacral ligamentLateral cervical(cardinal) ligamentLateral fornixCervix(a)Fundusof uterusCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.11aMedullaTunicaalbugineaGerminalepitheliumCortexOocyteGranulosa cellsLate secondary follicleAntrumPrimaryfolliclesOocyteZonapellucidaThecafolliculiOvulatedoocyteMesovarium andblood vesselsVesicular(Graafian)follicleCoronaradiataDevelopingcorpus luteumCorpus luteumOvarianligamentDegenerating corpusluteum (corpus albicans)(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior1.2.3.5.4.6.7.8.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Ovarian TissueCorpora luteaCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Oogenesis•General Features•The total supply of eggs are present at birth•Ability to release eggs begins at puberty•Reproductive ability ends at menopause•Steps of Oogenesis•Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles•Oogonia – female stem cells found in developing fetus, divide mitotically-> 1o oocytes•Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary•Oogonia no longer exist by the time of birth•Primary oocytes are inactive until puberty•Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes some primary follicles to mature•Meiosis starts inside maturing follicle producing a secondary oocyte and the first polar body•Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if sperm penetrates and two additional polar bodies are producedCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.14aMonspubisPrepuceof clitorisClitoris(glans)VestibuleAnus(a)LabiamajoraLabiaminoraUrethralorificeHymen(ruptured)Opening of the ductof the greater vestibular glandVaginalorificeCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.15Skin (cut)Pectoralis major muscleSuspensory ligamentAdipose tissueLobeAreolaNippleOpening oflactiferous duct Lactiferous sinusLactiferous ductHypodermis(superficial fascia)Intercostal musclesLobule containingalveoli (a) (b)First ribCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle•Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones•Three phases 1. Days 1–5: menstrual phase2. Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase3. Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 27.13bLumen of uterusUterine glandsSmooth muscle fibersStraight arteryRadial arteryArcuate arteryUterine arteryEndometrial veinCapillariesVenous sinusoidsEpitheliumSpiral (coiled) arteryLamina propria ofconnective tissue(b)Endometrium of the UterusCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.•Menstrual phase•Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels•Gonadotropins are beginning to rise•Stratum functionalis of the endometrium is shed and the menstrual flow occursMenstrualphaseMenstrualflowEndometrialglandsBlood vesselsFunctional layerBasal layerProliferativephaseSecretoryphaseDaysUterine CycleCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.• Proliferative phase•Estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium•Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number•Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium (stratum functionalis).MenstrualphaseMenstrualflowEndometrialglandsBlood vesselsFunctional layerBasal layerProliferativephaseSecretoryphaseDaysUterine CyclePerimetriumCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education,