PSY 326 SP14 001 Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Test your memory, possible test questionsII. Methods of studying Memoryi. Definition of experimentii. Definition of Independent variable iii. Definition of Dependent variables b. The coffee experiment:c. Definition of Random assignmentd. Definition of Double-blind proceduresIII. Memory Measuresa. Definition of Recallb. Definition of Recognitionc. Definition of Implicit testsi. Definition of Primingd. Definition of Source judgmentsIV. MetamemoryV. Memory Methodsa. Neuropsychologyb. Animal modelsc. Cognitive neuroscience: VI. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Definition of Neuroimaging b. Spatial vs. Temporal resolutionc. EEG (electroencephalography)d. Event-Related Potential (ERP)Outline of Current LectureI. The Neurona. Definition of Neuronb. Definition of White and Gray matter c. Definition of Dendrited. Definition of AxonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Definition of Action potentialf. Definition of Synapseg. Definition of Neurotransmittersi. Neurotransmitters and Diseasea. Parkinson’s diseaseh. GABA: Major inhibitory neurotransmitterII. Chemical Enhancement of the Braina. Definition of Cholinergicsb. Definition of Benzodiazepines III. Structures of the Human Braina. Lobes of the cerebral cortex:i. Definition of Hippocampusii. Definition of Limbic Systemiii. Definition of The amygdalaiv. Definition of The hypothalamusv. T Definition of he diencephalonb. Definition of Medial temporal cortexc. Definition of Prefrontal areas of the frontal lobeIV. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Definition of Neuroimagingb. EEG (electroencephalography) c. Event- Related Potential (ERP)d. PET technology e. MRI f. Functional MRI (fMRI)g. Neuroimaging: some examplesi. Koshino et al. (2008) h. Other MRI techniquesi. MEG (Magnetoencephalographt)j. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) V. Connectivity- idea of the past. Today the focus is shifted to Regional co-activationCurrent LectureChapter 2: Memory and the BrainVI. The Neurona. Neurons- are biological cells that specialize in the transmission and retention of information. b. White and Gray matter- On a scan of the brain Gray matter being the cell bodies, white matter is the fatty substance surrounding the axon c. Dendrite- brings electrical signal to next neurond. Axon- sends electrical signal to next neurone. Action potential- the signal in the axonf. Synapse- the gap between the dendrite and axon; bridged by neurotransmittersg. Neurotransmitters-the chemicals that transmit information across the synapse. Released from the neuron to bind onto a new cell.i. Neurotransmitters and Disease1. Many neurological diseases are associated with malfunction of theneurotransmitter systemsa. Parkinson’s disease- substantia nigra can no longer produce dopamine).2. Many conditions are treated by altering the process by which neurotransmitters are produced in the body (ADHD, etc.)ii. Common neurotransmitters include dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine,iii. They may either excite the dendrite or inhibit it. h. GABA: Major inhibitory neurotransmitteri. “balance” in excitation and inhibition in the brainii. may be altered in some memory disordersVII. Chemical Enhancement of the Braina. Cholinergics: improve memory in early Alzheimer’s diseaseb. Benzodiazepines (i.e., Valium): induce mild temporary amnesia- GABA inhibitionc. No known drug that “selectively” improves memory in normal adults.VIII. Structures of the Human Braina. Lobes of the cerebral cortex:i. Occipital- visionii. Parietal – somatosensory, attention (the location of things in the environment)iii. Temporal – audition, language, memory – mid temporal is where the hippocampus isiv. Frontal—higher emotion, decision-making, metacognition (reflecting and understanding our own memories), memoryb. Left and right hemispheresc. Cortex and sub-cortexd. Conditioning: Cerebellume. Memory areas and the brain: Hippocampus, amygdala, diencephalon, medial temporal lobes, prefrontal lobesi. Hippocampus: rapidly encodes new memories, separates complex patterns and facilitates cue completion (recall)- interested in novel information.1. Damage to the hippocampus can cause amnesia (acquired memory loss)2. The hippocampus is part of the limbic systemii. Limbic System: the limbic system is a set of brain structures, located just beneath the cerebral cortex.1. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. The limbic system functions as an important area for both memory and emotion.iii. The amygdala: connects features of memory with aspects of emotion; highly connected to the hippocampus and with the hypothalamus.iv. The hypothalamus: an area of the brain associated with basic emotions (regulating stress responsesv. The diencephalon: this part of the brain includes the structure known as the thalamus and the hypothalamus1. Serves as a routing center, connected disparate parts of the brain the diencephalon includes connection between the medial temporal lobes and the hippocampus with the prefrontal lobes.f. Medial temporal cortex: like the hippocampus this area is involved in the encoding of information into memory, but simpler representations than hippocampus (objects, faces, scenes).g. Prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe: Involves in the regulation of memory; initiating retrieval, source monitoring, and metamemory are functions of pre-frontal lobes.IX. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Neuroimaging is the technology that allows us to create images that demonstrate which regions of the brain are working during a particular memory or cognitive task.i. EEG< MEG PET< and fMRIb. EEG (electroencephalography) i. As electrical activity moves from one area of the brain to another, it can be measured as distinct waves of electrical activityc. Event- Related Potential (ERP)i. Averages EEG waves in response to the onset of a stimulus. Distinct itemsproduce a specific positive spike in the ERP at .3 sec after the stimulus is presentedii. Represent activity of large populations of neurons that are simultaneouslyactivatediii. Electrical signal propagate to the scalpiv. Result is a series of positive and negative deflections in the ongoing EEG –time locked to a stimulusd. PET technology allows scientists to get detailed