PSY 326 SP14 001Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 15)Introduction to Human MemoryKnow Tulving, Moscovitch, and Meyer and be able to identify their main viewpoints on memoryTulving (200) believed in a hypothetical “store” where information is held, memory is the content or information in that store. Moscovitch (2007) Memory is “a lasting internal representation of a past event or an experience(or some aspect of it) that is reflected in thought or behavior.” Memory does not exist until it is recovered.Meyer (2012) the remembered present? Perception and memory recall are inseperableWhat are the 4 themes of the book and why are they important?1. Learning and remembering are active processes2. Learning and remembering have a biological/neurological basis 3. Memory has multiple components, which act in different ways4. The efficiency of learning and memory can be improvedThese themes are important because established methodologies allow us to analyze and think about memory research, from which we can draw practical application that will allow each of usto improve and make more efficient our own learning.Lecture 2 (January 22) Be able to identify the two examples of Early views on Memory Dr. Edgins discussed in lecture:1. Ebers Papyus (1500 BCE Ancient Egypt): on memory injury2. Plato (427 BCE Ancient Greece): believes to be wax tablets in our minds- compare perception with memory representation in wax. Bird cage analogy for memory: we are reaching into a bird cage to pick out our memories, sometimes they can be hard to retrieve memories because you are grasping at something unstable.Who was Herman Ebbinghaus, and what were his important contributions to memory science? Ebbinghaus memorized lists of nonsense syllabled to examine the effect of retention intervals on memory. Measured saving score. He is important because he pioneered the scientific study of memory. How can the spacing effect be used to improve memory? Through spacing effect we gain better knowledge on any given topic by spreading out the learning over time. Lecture 3 (January 27) What is the difference between recall and recognition? In recall a person generates a target memory based on cues, without seeing or hearing the actual target memory. Recognition is when a person must identify the target memory from among a set of presented items. What are the three techniques of neuroimaging? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 1. EEG (electroencephalography) – EEG is particularly good for measuring the changes that happens in the brain as a person engages in a memory task. Sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG.2. MEG (magnetoencephalography) – Waves are less distorted that that of an EEG so better spatial resolution, although its temporal resolution is less than that of EEG. MEG represents a compromise between good spatial resolution and good temporal resolution. 3. MRI and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imagery) – Creates three-dimensional image that can capture both the structure and function of the brain. Great spatial resolution, but poortemporal resolution. What is Neuropsychology? How does studying neuropsychological patients aid in understanding the nature of memory and the brain? Neuropsychology: the study of patients with brain damage. By probing the nature of brain damage, we can develop a model of the relation between particular brain region and memory function. Lecture 4 (January 29) What is meant by the term engram? What did Lashley hope to achieve by identifying it? How does the Quiroga et al. (2005) experiment relate to the concept of engram? As seen in Karl Lashley’s “search for the engram” an engram is the hypothetical physical unit of storage of a memory. Lashley spent his entire career looking for these memory-specific cells but never found any. In his conclusion he found there are no engrams and memory representation instead occurs because of a connection between disparate areas in the brain. Quiroga’s experiment involved showing participants pictures of celebrities and having them read off celebrity names while their brains were connected and being monitored by an fMRI. All thephotographs resonated in the same visual region of the brain, where the printed name evoked movement in the part of the brain involved in reading. Movement in the same area both when shown a picture of a celebrity or the written name of that same celebrity, these results suggest engrams may actually exist. Describe the flow of information through the neuron, including how information is transmitted through the axon, dendrite, and synapse. Include the purpose of the neurotransmitters. The part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons is the dendrite. Any neuron may have many hundreds of dendrites, each one receiving different pulses from other neurons. Each neuron has one axon, which transmits messages to other neurons. The axon does not actually touch the dendrite of the next neuron. An extremely small gap call the synapse, exists between the two neurons. At the end of the axon are little nodules called terminal buttons. When the electrical signal reaches the terminal buttons, the signal triggers them to release neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that cross the synapse and induce an electric flow into the next cell. Describe the functional significance of each of the following brain regions: (1) hippocampus, (2) amygdala, (3) diencephalon, (4) temporal lobe, and (5) frontal lobe. 1.Hippocampus: rapidly encodes new memories, separates complex patterns and facilitates cue completion2. Amygdala: connects features of memory with aspects of emotion; highly connected to the hippocampus and with the hypothalamus.3. Diencephalon: this part of the brain serves as a routing center, and includes the structure known as thalamus and the hypothalamus.4. Temporal lobe: deals with audition, language and memory5. Frontal lobe: higher emotion, decision-making, and metacognitionLecture 5 (February 3) Why is working memory considered to be the active contents of consciousness? How does the concept of working memory differ from the concept of short-term memory? Working memory can be considered consciousness itself. That is, whatever you are conscious of right now is exactly what your working memory is representing right now. Short-term memory is