DOC PREVIEW
UA PSY 326 - Chapter 3: Working Memory
Type Lecture Note
Pages 8

This preview shows page 1-2-3 out of 8 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 8 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

PSY 326 SP14 001 Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. The Neurona. Definition of Neuronb. Definition of White and Gray matter c. Definition of Dendrited. Definition of Axone. Definition of Action potentialf. Definition of Synapseg. Definition of Neurotransmittersi. Neurotransmitters and Diseasea. Parkinson’s diseaseh. GABA: Major inhibitory neurotransmitterII. Chemical Enhancement of the Braina. Definition of Cholinergicsb. Definition of Benzodiazepines III. Structures of the Human Braina. Lobes of the cerebral cortex:i. Definition of Hippocampusii. Definition of Limbic Systemiii. Definition of The amygdalaiv. Definition of The hypothalamusv. T Definition of he diencephalonb. Definition of Medial temporal cortexc. Prefrontal areas of the frontal lobeIV. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Definition of Neuroimagingb. EEG (electroencephalography) c. Event- Related Potential (ERP)d. PET technology e. MRI f. Functional MRI (fMRI)g. Neuroimaging: some examplesi. Koshino et al. (2008) h. Other MRI techniquesi. MEG (Magnetoencephalographt)j. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. ConnectivityOutline of Current LectureI. What is working memory?II. Atkins & Shiffrin (1968): Computer metaphors, cognitive revolutiona. Definition of Sensory Memory i. Definition of Iconicii. Definition of Echoiciii. Sperlings experiment on sensory memory:III. Other termsa. Short-term memory vs. Working memoryb. Primal memory IV. Georg Miller and the Magic Number 7a. Definition of Pronunciation Time V. Navah-Benjamin and AyresVI. The Duratuon of information in Working Memorya. Definition of Rehearsal VII. Decay from WMa. Brown Peterson task:VIII. Can interference occur in Short Term Memory?a. Waugh and Normal IX. Waugh an Norman (1965)X. Explanation of Brown-Petersona. Definition of InterferenceXI. The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication for Working Memorya. Definition of Primary effectsb. Definition of Recency effectXII. Baddeley’s Working Memory Modela. Definition of Episodic bufferb. Central executive: a flexible system that coordinates and regulates the sub-systemsi. Definition of Central ExecutiveXIII. The Phonological Loopa. Definition of Phonological loopb. Definition of The irrelevant speech effectc. Phonological loop evidenceXIV. Visuo-spatial sketchpadXV. Problems with Atkinson & Shiffrin (Baddeley’s perspective)XVI. Working Memory and the Braina. Warrington and Shallice (1969)XVII. Neuroimaging and Working Memory: Dissociations with contentXVIII. Common regions across tasksCurrent LectureChapter 3: Working MemoryXIX. What is working memory?a. A short-term memory systemi. Working memory’s function is to temporarily hold information over a short period of timeb. A limited capacity systemi. Working memory can only hold so much information and no morec. The current contents of working memory are thought to be that which are consciously awared. Working memory capacity is widely thought of as the mental workspace availablefor the simultaneous processing and storage of information (Baddeley, 1986; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Just & Carpenter, 1992).e. Keeping info active in the face of interference!XX. Atkins & Shiffrin (1968): Computer metaphors, cognitive revolutiona. Sensory Memory: refers to a very brief memory system that holds literal information for a fraction of a second to allow cognitive processing i. Iconic-visualii. Echoic- verbaliii. Sperlings experiment on sensory memory:1. Participants were shown a matrix of 12 letters in a 4X3 grid for a brief period of time2. There was a larger estimate of the total number of items in sensory memory when partial report was used instead of whole reportXXI. Other termsa. Short-term memory vs. Working memoryi. Postle et al 1999 notes separated performance on maitnance vs. manipulation tasks in the brainii. Tasks requiring manipulation often correlate more highly with other measures, like IQ and reading fluency1. Digit span vs. Backward digit span (n-back)b. Primal memory (William James)i. Not considered “primary” to LTM so not used as much todayXXII. Georg Miller (1956) and the Magic Number 7a. Miller reviewed all available data and determined that the capacity of working memory was about 7 units of information, plus or minus 2i. This makes telephone numbers (minus area codes) just in our range of working memoryb. How accurate is the magic number 7i. It is accurate for relatively simple information group digits, words etcii. Not as accurate for more complex information1. Example: with 3 or 4 word phrases the magic number becomes 3 to 5c. Overcoming this limitation: Chunking i. A chunk is a memory unit consisting of related components (can be stored as a single associated item)ii. Can be used to improve digit span (or any working memory task). You use long-term memory strategies to group digits into one unit.iii. Ericsson et al. trained a college student to have an 80 number span!d. Pronunciation Time refers to the amount of time it would take to say aloud the items being rehearsed in working memory. i. That is, the limit on working memory is the number of words that can be pronounced either aloud or subvocally, in about 1.5 seconds (Schweikert & Boruff, 1986).ii. For digits in American English, most of us can say 7 digits in 1.5 seconds. This is also referred to as word-length effect.XXIII. Navah-Benjamin and Ayresa. Examined digit spans in four languages: English, Spanish, Arabic, and HebreXXIV. The Duration of information in Working Memorya. Information can be maintained in working memory as long as the person rehearses it.b. Rehearsal here means actively maintaining the items in working memory by repeating it over and over (maintenance rehearsal) or by elaborating on the itemto some other concept (elaborative rehearsal).c. Most estimates of the duration of information unrehearsed in working memory are of the order of between 15 and 30 seconds.d. When rehearsal stops, where does the information go?i. Most think it is replaced (or interfered with) by new incoming informationii. Debate: decay vs. interferenceXXV. Decay from WMa. Brown Peterson task:i. Subject shown three letters and then a 3 digit number ii. Subjects told to count backward from the number given by 3’s until asked to recall the lettersiii. Counting backwards prevented the rehearsal of the lettersiv.


View Full Document

UA PSY 326 - Chapter 3: Working Memory

Type: Lecture Note
Pages: 8
Download Chapter 3: Working Memory
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Chapter 3: Working Memory and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Chapter 3: Working Memory 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?