PSY 326 SP14 001 Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Memory is criticalII. Early Viewsa. Ebers Papyrus b. Plato III. The Science of Memorya. Definition of Empirical evidenceb. Definition of Observational studiesIV. Memory Types: William James (1890)a. Definition of Primary memoryb. Definition of Secondary memoryV. History of memorya. Herman Ebbinghaus 1. Definition of retention interval ii. Definition of Savingsiii. Definition of Overlearningiv. Definition of Spacing Effectb. Mary Calkins 1. Definition of Recency Effectc. Definition of Behaviorism i. Definition of Classical Conditioningii. Definition of Operant Conditioningd. 1930s: Gestalt Psychologye. Frederic Bartlett f. Atkins & Shiffrin g. Endel Tulving 1. Definition of Episodic 2. Definition of Semantich. Karl LashleyOutline of Current LectureI. Test your memory, possible test questionsII. Methods of studying Memoryi. Definition of experimentii. Definition of Independent variable These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Definition of Dependent variables b. The coffee experiment:c. Definition of Random assignmentd. Definition of Double-blind proceduresIII. Memory Measuresa. Definition of Recallb. Definition of Recognitionc. Definition of Implicit testsi. Definition of Primingd. Definition of Source judgmentsIV. MetamemoryV. Memory Methodsa. Neuropsychologyb. Animal modelsc. Cognitive neuroscience: VI. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Definition of Neuroimaging b. Spatial vs. Temporal resolutionc. EEG (electroencephalography)d. Event-Related Potential (ERP)Current LectureChapter 1: Introduction to Memory continued…VII. Test your memory, possible test questionsa. A scientist with a neural approach? Hebbb. The first experimentalist? Ebbinghausc. An important behaviorist? TolmanVIII. Methods of studying Memorya. The experimenti. An experiment is set of observations, which occurs under controlled circumstances determined by the experimenter.ii. Independent variable are the factors that the experimenter manipulates among different conditions.iii. Dependent variables are the observations that we measure or record in response to the independent variable.b. The coffee experiment:i. Hypothesis: drinking coffee will help memory performance.ii. Independent measure: amount of coffee consumed.iii. Dependent measure: performance on memory test.c. Random assignment: any particular participant is equally likely to be in any conditiond. Double-blind procedures: neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in during the experiment.IX. Memory Measuresa. Recall: the person must generate the target memory.i. RBANS Story memory: Free recall1. “On Saturday, June 4th in Cleveland, Ohio a 4 alar fire broke out. 2 restaurants and 3 hotels were destroyed before the firefighters arrived to extinguish the fire” must be able to hear story and tell itbackii. Cues recall1. Paired Associates (Mary Calkins)2. Bringing back to the context (forensic technique)b. Recognition: matching ones memory to presented choices.c. Implicit tests: draw on non-conscious processesi. Priming: recent experience with a stimulus will facilitate the recall of that term.d. Source judgments: where information was learned fromi. Example: puppets teaching kids facts, later kids are asked which puppet told them which factX. Metamemorya. Having a perspective on your own memoriesb. And how to support themXI. Memory Methodsa. Neuropsychology: correlating brain damage with behavioral deficits in memory.i. Patients such as H.M., have changed the fieldii. The patient H.M, henry had epilepsy because of which part of his brain was removed and as a result only had short term memoryiii. Work with patient populations and their patterns of spared and impaired performance changed the fieldb. Animal models: studying animal memory as a model of human memory.i. Allow for control not available by other means1. Can modify memory with drugs2. Understand processes better because we can record from neuronsin vivo3. Can lesion certain regions for controlled experiments, can’t add lesions to human brains so can only study in this formc. Cognitive neuroscience: using neuroimaging techniques to correlate brain processes with cognitive processes.XII. Neuroimaging: Cognitive Neuroscience Methodsa. Neuroimaging is the technology that allows us to create images that demonstrate which regions of the brain are working during a particular memory or cognitive task.b. Spatial vs. Temporal resolutioni. EEG/ERP: great temporal, poor spatialii. fMRI: Great spatial, poor temporalc. EEG (electroencephalography)i. As electrical activity moves from one area of the brain to another, it can be measured as distinct “waves” of electrical activityd. Event-Related Potential (ERP)i. Average EEG waves in response to the onset of a stimulus. Distinct items produce a specific positive spike in ERP at .3 sec. after the stimulus is presentedii. Represent activity of large populations of neurons that are simultaneouslyactivatediii. Electrical signals propagate to the scalpiv. Result is a series of positive and negative deflections in the ongoing EEG –time locked to a