PSY 326 SP14 001 Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Illusion-of-truth effect II. Important information not in the book likely test questionsIII. Artificial Grammar a. Definition of artificial grammarIV. Memory while asleep/ under anesthesiaa. Some findings about memories formed while under anesthesiab. Definition of Sleep reactivationV. Hannula and Ranganath VI. Bottom lineOutline of Current LectureI. Long-term memory:a. Definition of Declarativei. Episodicii. Semanticb. Definition of Nondeclarative i. Skill learningii. Primingiii. ConditioningII. Episodic Memorya. Flashbulb memoriesb. Episodic memory – “Mental time travel” rememberingIII. Episodic/Semantic Distinction: Remember vs. Knowa. Remember/know judgmentsi. Do you remember eating this apple?ii. Do you know if this word was on the list?b. “Remember” is associated with episodic tasksc. “Know” is associated with semantic tasksd. Remember judgments are more associated with time and place, consistent with episodic memory view.IV. Experimental paradigm (Clayton and Dickinson 1998)V. Evidence for the Episodic/Semantic Distinctiona. Neuropsychological evidence:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Amnesia (Semantic-Episodic Distinctions)c. Neuroimaging: VI. Memory Processes: a. Definition of Encodingb. Definition of Representationc. Definition of Retrieval VII. Brain function during Encodinga. Subsequent memory (SM) effect designb. Encoding in Episodic Memoryi. The levels of Processing Approach:ii. Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing VIII. Levels of Processing i. Definition of Elaborative processingb. Definition of Shallow encodingIX. The Generation Effecta. Definition of The generation effect b. Definition of Self-reference effectX. Distinctiveness: The Von Restorff Effecta. Definition of Von Restorff effectXI. Method of Locia. Definition of Method of LociXII. Level of processing: encoding techniquesCurrent LectureEpisodic MemoryXIII. Long-term memory:a. Declarative: Things you know that you can tell othersi. Episodic: Remembering your first day of schoolii. Semantic: Knowing the capital of Franceb. Nondeclarative (procedural): Things you know that you can show by doingi. Skill learning: Knowing how to ride a bicycleii. Priming: Being more likely to use a word you heard recentlyiii. Conditioning: Salivating when you see a favorite foodXIV. Episodic Memorya. What did you eat for breakfast? Did you see the person who stole your purse? Can you describe your wedding? Do you remember when yur parents took you to the Lincoln Memorial? Where is your car parked? …….b. Flashbulb memoriesi. September 11, 2001ii. Where were you?iii. Even flashbulb memories are subject to distortionc. Episodic memory – “Mental time travel” rememberingi. Humans describe specific events, often in the distant past (or future).1. “www” memory- What, Where, and Whenii. Tulving claimed that episodic memory is unique to humans1. Animals like his cat have no episodic memory so while they may know many things, they do not remember past experiences the way we do. They just know about them.d. Neural Region retrieval: Right pre-frontal lobee. Autobiographical Memory is NOT Episodic Memoryi. Autobiographical memory means the memories we have of our own life. Thought to be somewhat separate from episodic memoryii. Autobiographical memory is a combination of episodic memory and self-referential semantic memories.XV. Episodic/Semantic Distinction: Remember vs. Knowa. Remember/know judgmentsi. Do you remember eating this apple?ii. Do you know if this word was on the list?b. “Remember” is associated with episodic tasksc. “Know” is associated with semantic tasksd. Remember judgments are more associated with time and place, consistent with episodic memory view.XVI. Experimental paradigm (Clayton and Dickinson 1998)a. Independent Variables:i. When: Time 1 (4h later), Time 2 (+120h later)ii. Where: Lacation 1, Location 2 (two adjacent sites)iii. What: perishable worms W; non-perish. Peanuts Pb. Dependent variable: number of searches for P and Wc. Pre-experimental manipulations:i. ‘Degrade’ G-Group: Has learned that the favored worms decay after 120 h, so will not search for themii. ‘Replenish’ R-Group: Has learned that worms are still fresh (since replenished) after 120h, so will search for them since they prefer worms over peanutsXVII. Evidence for the Episodic/Semantic Distinctiona. Neuropsychological evidence:i. Amnesia usually affects only episodic memory and not semantic memoryii. There are rare amnesia cases in which only semantic memory is affected.iii. Suggests different areas of the brain are affectediv. Semantic vs. Alzheimer’s dementiab. Amnesia (Semantic-Episodic Distinctions)i. Patient KC: suffered brain daage in accident. No loss of semantic memory; complete damage to episodic memory.ii. Developmental amnesiacs: learn semantic information (with more trials), but deficits in remembering personal past.c. Neuroimaging: HERA (Hemispheric Encoding/ Retrieval Asymmetry)i. Using PET, Tulving and colleagues have shown that1. The left prefrontal cortex was more involved in the retrieval of information from semantic memory.2. The right prefrontal cortex is more involved in retrieval of episodic memory.3. The left prefrontal lobe is more involved in encoding into episodic memory.4. No hemispheric differences for encoding into semantic memory.XVIII. Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrievala. Encoding: refers to the learning processb. Representation: is how we store information when it is not currently in use (consolidation).c. Retrieval: is the process of how we activate information from long-term memory and access it when we need it. XIX. Brain function during Encodinga. Subsequent memory (SM) effect designi. Look at the encoding state of the brain when items are remembered vs. forgottenii. Kim (2011) examined 74 fmri studiesiii. The meta-anaysi of SM effects indiated that they most consistently associated with encoding-related activity in five neural regions: left inferior frontal cortex (IFC), bilateral fusiform cortex, bilateral hippocampal formation, bilateral premotor cortex(PMC), and bilateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) b. Encoding in Episodic Memoryi. The levels of Processing Approach:1. Encoding into long-term memory is enhanced by processing for meaning.