Chapter(9:(Preposi/ons(and(PassivesThursday, November 7, 2013Agent:''the$individual$(animate$thing)$that$causes$or$ini4ates$an$ac4o nTheme:''the$en4ty$that$undergoes$a$change$of$state$or$is$acted$on$by$an$agentInstrum ent:''an$inanimate$thing$that$brings$about$a$changeReview'of'RolesExperience r :''the$individual $that$has$a$percep4on,$thought,$or$feelingSource:'$the$original$l oca4on$of$a$changeGoal:''the$direc4on$toward$which$a$change$of$posi4on,$possession,$or$state$movesThursday, November 7, 2013The$chef$cut$the$cake$with$a$knife.The'chef$cut'the'cake $with $a'knife.age nt theme instrum entThursday, November 7, 2013The$girl$carefully$removed$h er$foot$from$the$alligator.The'girl$carefully$removed$her'foot$from$the'alligator.age nt theme sourceThursday, November 7, 2013The$couples$were$very$happy$at$the$ball.The'couples$were$very'happy$at$the 'ball.experiencer locaBonThursday, November 7, 2013The$kind$man$gave$baby$elephants$to$the$po li te$children.The'kind'man$gave$baby'elephants$to$the'polite'children.age nt goalthemeThursday, November 7, 2013Finnishcase(suffix(English(prep.(wordglossnomina&ve))*)talo)house)geni&ve*nof)talon)of)(a))houseessive*naas)talona)as)a)housepar&&ve*(t)a)*)taloa)house)(as)an)object)transla&ve*ksito)(role)of)taloksi)to)a)houseinessive*ssain)talossa)in)(a))houseela&ve*stafrom)(inside)talosta)from)(a))houseilla&ve*an,)*en)etcinto)taloon)into)(a))ho useadessive*llaat,)on)talolla)at)(a))houseabla&ve*ltafrom)talolta)from)(a))housealla&ve*lleto)talolle)to)(a))houseabessive)*<awithout)talo<a)without)(a))housecomita&ve*ne*)together)(with))taloineni)with)my)house(s)instruc&ve)*nwith)(the)aid)of))(talon))with)(a))house)Thursday, November 7, 2013Roles'and'PreposiBonsPreposi(ons*are*one*of*the*main*ways*that*English*marks*sentence*roles.Agent:''word$order$(mostly)Theme:''word$order$(mostly)Instrum ent:'preposi4on$“with”Source:'preposi4on$“from”Goal:''preposi4on$“to”LocaBon:''preposi4on$“at”$or$“in”Thursday, November 7, 2013aboutbetweenonabovebyofacrossdownoffa@erduringoveragainstexceptthroughamongfortoaroundfromtowardatinunderbeforeintoupbesidenearwithPreposiBonsThursday, November 7, 2013aboutbetweenonabovebyofacrossdownoffa@erduringoveragainstexceptthroughamongfortoaroundfromtowardatinunderbeforeintoupwardbesidenearwithPreposiBonssome*have*spa(al*meaningsThursday, November 7, 2013aboutbetweenonabovebyofacrossdownoffa@erduringoveragainstexceptthroughamongfortoaroundfromtowardatinunderbeforeintoupbesidenearwithPreposiBonssome*have*direc(onal*meaningsThursday, November 7, 2013aboutbetweenonabovebyofacrossdownoffa@erduringoveragainstexceptthroughamongfortoaroundfromtowardatinunderbeforeintoupbesidenearwithPreposiBonssome*have*temporal*meaningsThursday, November 7, 2013aboutbetweenonabovebyofacrossdownoffa@erduringoveragainstexceptthroughamongfortoaroundfromtowardatinunderbeforeintoupbesidenearwithPreposiBonssome*have*descrip(ve*meaningsThursday, November 7, 2013PreposiBonal'Phrasesmade*up*of*a*preposi(on*followed*by*a*noun3phraseShe$likes$all$seafood$except'squidThey$ate$the$squ id $aFe r 'the 'shr impShe$whacked$him$with'the'squidHe$fell$down$under'the'squidThursday, November 7, 2013SourceThe*original*loca(on*of*a*changeThe$rocket$took$off$from'the'spac e por tHe$stole$the$crown$jewels$from'the'Tower'of'LondonThursday, November 7, 2013Instrum entThe*direc(on*toward*which*a*change*of*posi(on,*possession,*or*state*movesI$ate$the$squid$with'a'for kThey$besieged$the$castle$with'trebuchetsThey$besieged$the$castle$with'SusanThey$besieged$the$castle$with'SusanThursday, November 7, 2013GoalThe*direc(on*toward*which*a*change*of*posi(on,*possession,*or*state*movesI$gave$a$cake$to'the'childThe$car$flew$to'HogwartsThursday, November 7, 2013GoalCan*also*be*signaled*by*word*orderI$gave$the$child$a$cakeThursday, November 7, 2013Review'of'Subject'and'ObjectSubject:$$in$English,$the$noun$p hrase$on$the$leI$of$the$verbObject:''in$English,$the$noun$phrase$on$the$right$of$the$verbThe'squid'aJacked$the'whale.Thursday, November 7, 2013Indire ct'ObjectIn*some*sentences,*there*can*be*2*noun*phrases*to*the*right*of*the*verb:Direct'object:$$the$noun$phrase$with $the$Theme$roleThe'squid'gave$the'whale'sucker'scars.Indire ct'object:$$the$noun$phrase$with$the$Goal$roleThursday, November 7, 2013AcBve'and'PassiveThe'child'sliced'the'bread.The'bread'was'sliced'by'the'child.age ntage ntthemethemesubject objectsubject objectThursday, November 7, 2013Passive'VoicePassive$is$a$form$where$the$theme$is$the$subject$and$the$agent'is$the$object'(beginning$with$the$preposi 4on$“ by” )The'bread'was'sliced'by'the'child.The'book'was'eaten'by'the'dinosaur.That'hadrosaur'was'raced'by'my'best'friend .Thursday, November 7, 2013How'to'make'the'Passive'Form•For$many$verbs$in$English,$their$passive$form$is$just$their$past$tense$form:–The$dog$chased$the$cat.$$(ac4ve)–The$cat$was'chased$by$the$dog.$$(passive)•Certain$irregular$verbs$i n$E ngli sh$h ave$a$special$form$for$the$passive,$called$the$passive'parBciple:–The$dog$saw $the$cat.$$(ac4ve)–The$cat$was'seen$by$the$dog.$$(passive)Thursday, November 7, 2013Irregular'Passive'FormsPresentPastPassive'ParBcipleeatateeatenseesawseenwritewrotewriMenknowknewknownThursday, November 7, 2013Objects'and'Passives•Direct$objects$can$be$the$subject$of$a$passive$sentence:AcBve:''The'child'sliced'the'bread.Passive:''The'bread'was'sliced'by'the'child.•Indirect$objects$can$be$the$subject$of$a$passive$sentence$too:AcBve:''The'child'gave'Pat'the'bread.Passive:''Pat'was'given'the'bread'by'the 'c hild.Passive:''The'bread'was'given'to'Pat'by'the'c hild.Thursday, November 7,
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