Midterm Exam Review Political Science 150 Reading Review 13 1 1 Thomas P Barnett The Pentagon s New Map a Functioning Core i Developed nations 1 Increasing globalization connective network liberalized media financial transactions collective security more suicide than murder 2 Stable government 3 Countries that work b Non integrated Gap i Developing nations 1 Minimal lacking globalization politically repressed poverty disease mass murder chronic conflict incubate terrorists 2 Unstable government 3 Countries that have been excluded from the globalizing core Caribbean Rim virtually all of Africa the Balkans the Caucasus Central Asia the Middle East Southwest Asia and much of Southeast Asia c Prose do not mind the gap lawless unstable governments breed terrorists We should promote development in order to secure our safety in the U S and the other parts of the core d Disconnectedness defines danger 2 Joshua S Goldstein Thing Again War a The evolution of international norms has lead to humanitarian intervention b Wars are becoming less common less brutal towards civilians less dangerous causing less casualties c Democracy promotes peace not because of inherent traits with in democracy but because of economic incentives to cooperate i Gains are more valuable with cooperation among democracies ii Democracies have less to lose when entering a war with an autocracy iii Trade promotes peace iv Globalization and free trade are better for all 3 Hedley Bull The Concept of Order in World politics a Order patterns of behavior that sustain the elementary primary goals of social life i Protection from violence ii Promises are kept iii Possessions will remain stable b International Order patterns of behavior that sustain primary or elementary goals of international society Bull sees international order as a maximum more requirements to secure order Midterm Exam Review Political Science 150 Reading Review 13 2 i Security from external governments Protection ii Security of commitments promises iii Security of territorial integrity Possessions c World order patterns of human action that sustain primary or elementary goals values of all of mankind d System of states when or more states have sufficient contact between them and sufficient impact on one another s decisions when they behave as parts of a whole i Primary System of States international system comprised of sovereign states ii Secondary System of States suzerain system a state that asserts and maintains supremacy over the rest of the states with in the system e International society exists when a group of states conscious os certain common interests and common values form a society in that they conceive themselves to be bound by common set of rules in their relations with one another and share in the working of common institutions i Goals of international society 1 Preservation international order 2 Independence 3 Goal of peace ii Respect claims to independence iii Honor agreements iv Subject to limitations in exercising force against one another v Society is based on commonalities not just relation but a sense of solidarity and conscious collectiveness f Sovereignty i Internal Sovereignty supremacy over all authorities with in a territory ii External Sovereignty independence of all external authorities recognized by other states as independent iii Normative Sovereignty States that assert the right to supremacy over authorities and the population with in a territory as well as assert independence of external authorities iv Factual Sovereignty Those that actually exercise supremacy and independence in practice 4 Frieden Lake and Schultz Interests Interactions and Institutions a The article lays out the basic format of political interactions b Interests What actors want to achieve through political action their preferences over the outcomes that might result form their political choices c Interactions the way the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes Midterm Exam Review Political Science 150 Reading Review 13 3 d Cooperation interactions between two or more actors that make at least one actor better off without making the other worse off creation of additional value e Bargaining interactions between two or more actors where actors have to make decisions to decisions that will produce winners and losers one actor will benefit at the cost of the other re distribution of value i Zero sum Bargaining where the gains of one side perfectly match the losses of the other ii Positive sum bargaining where both actors can gain some but at some loss iii Reversion outcome when no bargain is reached this could mean war or some other conflict some cases this will be the same as the status quo the actor that is more satisfied with the reversion outcome will be less likely to make concessions and vice versa iv Bargaining power belongs to the actor most willing to endure the reversion outcome f Coordination interactions between two or more actors where all actors benefit from making the same choices there is no reason to defect g Collaboration all actors gain from working together but there is an incentive to defect example the prisoner s dilemma h Public Goods individually desirable goods that are non excludable all are able to access these goods and non rivalrous quantity available to all Example National Defense i Private Goods individually desirable goods that are both excludable and rivalrous j Collective action problems obstacle to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each actor anticipate that others will pay the costs of cooperation k Free ride failing to contribute to a public good while benefiting from the contributions from others i In a nation States impose taxes and laws to enforce tax to prevent free ride In an International system because there is no international government there is nothing to prevent free ride Problem of collective security l Iteration interactions with the same actor over and over again This affects the strategy of political choices when working with the same actors repeatedly there is an incentive to cooperate to keep relations good m Linkage the linkage of one issue to a second issue i e actors that have defected on military agreements may be punished in trade agreements for defecting Midterm Exam Review Political Science 150 Reading Review 13 4 n Power the ability of actor A to get actor B to do what actor B would not ordinarily do force the other side make