Electronic Circuits Laboratory EE462G Lab #1InstrumentationSlide 3Slide 4Test Circuit ATest Circuit ASlide 7Test Circuit BSlide 9Slide 10Example of GPIB Program GUICurve Fit in MatlabComputing Confidence IntervalsConfidence Interval ExampleSlide 15Final NotesSlide 17Slide 18Electronic Circuits LaboratoryEE462GLab #1Measuring Capacitance, Oscilloscopes, Function Generators, and Digital MultimetersInstrumentationOscilloscope TDS 3012BDisplay real-time periodic waveformsTypical Frequency limits 7Hz to 20MHzAmplitude accuracies are about .25% of reading (offset) + .1*(V/div) + 1.5 mV2 channels (1 and 2) with probes grounded to earth ground.Probe (P3010B) with input resistance 10M in parallel with 13.3 pF and bandwidth of 100MHz.GPIB (General Purpose Instrument Bus) interface module. Sketch and label schematic of the scope probe. Explain how it will affect the circuit being measured.InstrumentationTektronix’s Function Generator AFG310Generate single channel sine, square, triangle, ramp, pulse, DC, noise, and arbitrary waveforms:Frequency Limits: .01Hz to 16MHz for sine and square wave, and .01Hz to 100kHz for triangle ramp and pulse.Amplitude Limits (to 50  load): 50m to 10Vp-pAccuracy: ±(1% of setting + 5 mV)Resolution: 5 mVTotal Harmonic Distortion @20 kHz: 0.05% for 1 V amplitudePulse Rise/Fall Time: <<100 ns.Grounded to earth ground with 50 output impedanceSketch and label schematic of function generator. Explain how it affects the circuit under test.InstrumentationDigital Multimeter CDM 250Direct measurements of DC and AC currents and voltages (rms)Direct measurement of resistances.Taken from User Manuel Textronix CDM250 Digital Multimeter 070-6736-03, Page 14.Problem:C is unknown, use step response to determine its value with a known resistor value, R.Analysis:Derive relationship between C and step response of amplitude A in terms of R.Procedure:Determined what must be measured to resolve the values for C and develop process for measuring these quantities.Test Circuit A RC+Vc-Step response:Procedure issues:How can the function generator be used to approximate a step response? What are the limitations?How should a value for R be determined?At what values of Vc should t be measured? Test Circuit A RCtAVcexp1Example curves for A=10 VTest Circuit AData SheetMust include sketch of circuit, sketch of waveform from which measurement was made, value of Resistor(s) (measure with DMM), oscilloscope time and voltage measurements, and frequency of square wave(s).Procedure DescriptionDescribe test circuit (use a figure with node labels that you can refer to in your discussion !!!!!) and discuss grounding for scope probe and function generator placement.Describe how R and square wave frequency were determined. (Use the equation editor to reference formulae used. Avoid long wordy descriptions. Be precise, use equations, and describe all variables in the equation.)Describe computations using measured quantities to obtain C value. (Use the equation editor to show the formula used.) Results SectionShow measurements from data sheet in tables (paste in waveforms and schematics rather than sketches). Present estimated values of C, and summary statistics with confidence intervals.Problem:C is unknown, use frequency response to determine its value with a known resistor value, R.Analysis:Derive frequency response for output Vc with sinusoidal input from function generator of amplitude A.Procedure:Determined what must be measured to resolve the value of C. Use LabVIEW program (test_use_freq_file.exe) to measure frequency response and curve fit to estimate best-fit value of C.Test Circuit B RC+Vc-Frequency response(=2f):Procedure issues:What frequencies should be selected to estimate sample of the frequency response?How to combine curve fit values from phase and magnitude spectra?What is a simple way to verify manually the values of C and resulting cut-off frequency?Test Circuit B 1tan0)(ˆ ,11)(ˆ ,1)(ˆ12RCjVRCAjVCRjAjVcccExample curves for A=10 VTest Circuit BData SheetMust include sketch of circuit, sketch of sample waveform (i.e. select one close to the cutoff), value of Resistor(s) (Measure with DMM), outputs from LabVIEW program with clearly labeled magnitudes and phases measurement for each tested frequency.Procedure DescriptionDescribe test circuit (use a figure with node labels that you can refer to in your discussion !!!!!) and discuss grounding for scope probe and function generator placement.Describe how frequencies for testing the circuit were determined.Describe curve fit procedure used to estimate the final values of C.Results SectionPresent all direct measurements and each value (show outliers if any and indicate which measurements were not used in the curve fit computation). Present estimates of C with summary statistics with confidence intervals.Example of GPIB Program GUICreate a text file with a column of numbers indicating frequencies for driving the circuit (channel 1). (hint:Start with a wide frequency range and narrow it in successive trials with sufficient density around the cutoff frequency area. This involves some trial, observation, and thought. Use no more than 20 points.)Select waveform options and load it file. Select run and observe measurements. When satisfied with frequency measurements, save them to a file for further analysis.Curve Fit in MatlabFor your experiments you are using a low-pass filter circuitCurve fit examples for a high-pass filter fit are provided by class posted mfiles fithpmag.m for magnitude fitfithpang.m for phase fitThese can be studied and modified for the curve fitting in this lab assignment.Computing Confidence IntervalsIn order to examine measurement variability in a quantitative and consistent manner, the 95% confidence interval can be computed using the estimated mean, variance, and t-statistic table. For example, you will report your result from multiple measurements with summary statistics such as:where 20.1 is the average of all your measurements/estimates, and the range from 20.1-5.6=14.5F to 20.1+5.6=25.7F is the range in which it is 95% likely the true value exists.The smaller the range, the more precise the