Pain & Pain ManagementMeaning of PainStages of PainAssessmentMcGill Pain Quest.Pain Rating ScalesSigns vs. SymptomsPain Management TechniquesBiofeedbackBiofeedback OutcomesHypnosisHypnosis ProcessHypnosis OutcomesAcupunctureDistractionMedicationSurgeryPain & Pain ManagementPSYC 4080Health PsychologyAmber M. Henslee, M.S.Meaning of Pain•__________ pain–Tissue damage to the body•Psychological/emotional pain–Perception•EX: hook through the armStages of Pain•Acute Pain–Short duration–Signals us not to do that again!–e.g., _______•Prechronic Pain–Either overcome pain or develops feelings of _________•Chronic Pain–Long duration–Either from injury or a chronic condition–e.g., lower backAssessment•Self report–Rating scales, questionnaires•___________ methods–Behavioral assessment•Physiological measures–____ (Electromyography) measures muscle tensionMcGill Pain Quest.Pain Rating ScalesSigns vs. SymptomsWhat you can observe:•Muscle rigidity•Tears•Grimace•Groan•Agitation•_____________What they report:•Intensity •_________ •Duration•Better or WorsePain Management Techniques•Relaxation•Biofeedback•Hypnosis•Acupuncture•TENS (____________)•Distraction•Medication - __________•SurgeryBiofeedback•DFN = info on bodily process to learn to control it–e.g., bp, hr, skin temp•Electromyograph (EMG) = electrical discharge in muscle fibers•________ __ = skin temperature•Audio/visual signal•Trial/error- patient changes thoughts & behaviorsBiofeedback Outcomes•Joint pain, migraine headache, hypertension•Expensive technology & trained personnel–Relaxation & hypnosis cheaper & easier•NOT better for _____•Better for migrainesHypnosis•__________ state•Mesmer made famous•Multiple DFNS:–altered state of consciousness–trait of hypnotizability•Hypnotized people:–will perform minor feats–won’t hurt self or othersHypnosis Process•Relaxation•Told it will decrease pain (_______)•Induction = being placed under hypnosis (distraction)•Instructed to think of pain differently (reinterpretation)Hypnosis Outcomes•Surgery, childbirth, dental procedures, burns, headaches•Unclear: block pain OR _________•NOT better for low suggestible pts•Better for high suggestible ptsAcupuncture•DFN = long, thin needles inserted into body•China: anesthetic for surgery•Expectations–Decreases fear–Increases tolerance•Releases __________? (thus decreased pain)•Better for short-term painDistraction•Other activity (e.g., pledge of allegiance, art/crafts)•______________•Better for short-term, low-level painMedication•Morphine–Tolerance–___________–Good for severe pain–Poor for one who is chemically dependent•Local anesthetics to wounded area•Block transmission (e.g., spinal cord)•Brain (e.g., antidepressants)Surgery•Cut/disrupt body’s “pain fibers”–Periphery to spinal cord–Spinal cord to brain•___________ (e.g., different neural pathways)•Damage nervous system > chronic