Identity: the personal theory of self, it is the self, face, ego, image we present- These 4 frames work together to affect identity development1. Personal Frame: Identity is an image we construct within ourselves2. Enactment of Communication Frame: Identities develop through comm with others, not all messagesdesigned to create identity, but identity is part of all messages3. Relationship Frame: developed through comm over time that defines ourselves in terms of relationships with others4. Communal Frame: identity partly function of groups we belong and often constrained by cultural or group identities, teach us rules on right way to behave Principles of Identity Management1. Our identities provide us with a hierarchical structure of who we are.- Includes relationship, roles, goals, personal qualities, group membership, appearance - The more central to def of self, more stable they’re through life and prominent when present self2. Feedback from others helps shape our identities. (Looking glass self)3. Identities help interpret feedback from others - More likely to interpret feedback as consistent with our identity4. Identity incorporates expectations and guides behavior, creates self fulfilling prophesy5. Identity influences evaluations of self, expectations of self6. Identity influences likelihood of goal achievement. 7. Identities influence what social relationships we choose to pursue and maintain - Prefer identity consistent feedback even if neg because people don’t trust inconsistent feedbackCharacteristics of Social Rules1. Learn by society 2. Generalized guideline 3. Influence self concept/esteem 4. Multiple role Social Learning Theory: how children learn to mimic behavior they see in others1. Pays Attention- Notices what people do and the consequences2. Retention3. Reproduction- Trying to make it more authentic4. Motivation- Make stronger efforts when motivated- Its not violence on tv that makes kids violent, its how they get rewarded Narrative Theorists: believe we make sense of our world by making up and sharing stories about it- We become the autobiographical narratives by which we tell about our lives Myth: an anonymous shared story of origins and destinies Position: social label tells who we are, duties and rights. Occupational, placement in fam, age, prestigeRoles: sets of expectations that govern how people holding given position should behave.- After role internalized we forget we’re playing one, starts to influence self concept Role Rigidity: can’t separate self from role, role takes over one’s identityRole Distance: letting others know the roles we play do not completely define usRole Sets: others who help put on a given performanceMcCall and Simmon’s Role Identity ModelFactors that determine role salience (importance):1. Social Support- Looking Glass Self: (Cooley) We see ourselves based on how others see us, use them as mirror- Social Comparison Theory: (Festinger) Need to know how opinions, abilities stack up- Compare self to similar others to measure success 2. Investment and Commitment- Self Perception Theory: (Bem) Orgs who want loyal member make them invest a lot in beg3. RewardsIntrinsic Rewards: feeling of being admired, respected, famousExtrinsic Rewards: objects that come along with roles, money, clothesSelf-Expansion Theory (Aron)Explains how identity influences development of close relationships after first impressions made.- People seek to expand self, be more than they are, get new experiences- In close relationship, both have strong self identities that grow from new experiences each brings- Stagnation: over time, relationship gets bogged down by routine, decrease satisfactionSelf can be broken up into two parts1. Ego (me): what we’re aware of2. Shadow: what we’re not aware of, not born with, parts of our self people have told us are wrongIndividual and Cultural Shadows Ex: Holocaust- their racism part came outProjecting our ShadowProjecting our Dark Shadow- Bullying, racism, hatred, discriminationProjecting our Gold Shadow (things you deny yourself that are good)- Romantic infatuation, celebrities- Intense emotional reaction when we see our gold shadow on someone else, fall in loveGoffman’s Dramaturgical Perspective- All social behavior is an act, strategic performance intended to make self look as one wishesPerformance: everything one does to influence another in a situationFront: the expressive equipment employed during performance, public part1. Setting: environment in which your front takes place2. Personal Front: ways we decorate ourselves to play performance well Expression Given: strategic, intentional, what I want you to see, doesn’t show what really likeExpression Given Off: unintentionally, gives audience peak at what’s really inside, micro expressions Techniques to ensure cohesive performance:Altercasting: choosing relational partners based on who will play part reliably Mirroring: flip side of altercasting, achieve coordination by following lead of our partner- Both can assure coordinated performance but not satisfying because one partner makes decisions Mutual Negotiation: both partners work together to construct mutually satisfactory rolesFace: way I want people to see me, the pos image I put out, your repPoliteness Theory: specific ways people manage and save face using commPositive Face: being liked and admired- When feel un-liked your positive face is threatenedNegative Face: wanting to be seen as in control of your life- When your control or freedom taken, feel threatened, negative face lostSeverity of Face Threat depends on:- Importance of rule violated - Harm done - The more directly responsible for behavior - Power of receiver vs sender- Social distance (harder to hurt friend) - The more of an impositionFacework: effort spent in presenting face to othersPreventative Tactics: to try to keep face from being lost- Framing message in friendlier, softer terms- Disclaimers: most common, beat around the bush, try to sound like were not too certain- Hedging: being unclear, “I may be way off here, but…”- Credentialing: tell something don’t want to hear, “I’m your dad, I’ll be straight with you”- Sin License: “Well since we’re all disclosing embarrassing situations..”- Cognitive Disclaimer: “I know you’re going to think I’ve lost it, but..”- Appeal to suspended judgment: “Hear me out before jumping to conclusions”- Verbal Self-Handicapping: offer excuse to minimize face threat