Aristotle’s Model (350 BC)- Process of how to persuade people- Democracy starts, new way to have power (skillful speaker, persuade people)Four Steps: Speaker  Argument  Speech  Listener- If argument and speech are good, listener should believe and do what he wantsEx: Belief that violent video games make kids violent (false)- What’s Missing: Wrong because listener processes and thinks about what speaker says, decides what to do with that info. Listener not just passive, still communicating nonverbally Shannon & Weaver’s: Information-Centered Model (1940s)- Telephone invented, S&W hired to figure out how people use phones- Now noise from over the phone makes it harder to get message across clearly- What’s Missing: feedbackSchramm’s Model: Fields of Experience (1950s/1960s)- Comm only happens if fields of experience overlap- Your always a source and destination- The more relaxed you are, the clearer your message will come across Physical Noise: stuff that makes it hard to pay attentionEx: distracted from hunger, ADDPsychological Noise: thinking about other things distracting youEx: daydreaming, worrying, ADD, dislike teacherSemantic Noise (semantic=meaning of something): misunderstanding - Good public speakers reduce physical and psychological noise - Objective Descriptors: things that are not arguable (ex: 50 years old)- Language is a representational system. It reps something else, uses symbols- Language is a map of the world NOT the territory. The territory is reality.Ex: Hot = map Fire = Territory John Stewart’s Definition of Communication“Comm is the continuous, complex, collaborative process of verbal and non-verbal meaning making through which we construct the world of meaning we inhabit.”- The “meanings” of objects, people, symbols, and ideas are collaboratively constructed by humans- Comm is also the vehicle to change meanings- Meaning is fixed when people have power (ex: Hitler)- Symbols get meaning by people agreeing on a meaning- “If we define a situation as real, it is real in it consequences.” – W.I. Thomas- Define person as a terrorist instead of a person, then its much easier to treat a person not like a humanA Class Divided- Territory is student, map is what teacher is making them- Self fulfilling prophecy: kids begin to think their dumb, do poor on testsOverview Basic Principles of Comm- We’re never just “sender” or “receiver” comm is transactional, reflexive, message often simultaneous - All messages have multiple levels of meaning (“content” and “relational” levels)- Comm is a fluid, dynamic process- Meaning is negotiated via comm and exists only as a result of commStanford Prison Experiment - Pictures from terrorists held in Abu Graib similar to images from mock prisons- When you put people in situation and tell them they are less then human, they will believe it- Gov said these were just a couple of bad apples but study shows its not the people it’s the situationEncoding: taking a thought and turning it into words or actionsDecoding: interpreting that messageEx of the same message encoded differently- Amo la UDel. I love UDel. I <3 UDel.Analogic Codes: nonverbal, lack of precision, limited Ex: cross walk sign Digital Codes: verbal, language is one type of digital code- Symbol that make up language have artificial instead of natural relationship to what they rep- Symbols are arbitrary and conventional -Ex: the letters D-O-G have no direct connection to the object they represent Verbal Codes- Discrete, separate, arbitrary units that can be manipulated- Allows creation of new realities, new tech, talk about things we can’t see, science, theories, god- Allows us to think in new and complex ways- Verbal codes are self-reflexiveLanguage Structures Social Reality- Comm involves negotiation of meaning because each person responds to symbolic verbal codes differently. (ex: love, marriage)- Language provides shared system for interpreting verbal codes but everyone defines words somewhatdifferently- Can lead to misunderstanding if we confuse symbols with reality they represent we forget they’re abstract representationsSymbols and Language- Linguistic symbols are arbitrary- Meanings for linguistic symbols are learned but then treated as real- Language NOT reality, it reps reality. Through language we order reality and act based on those repsNonverbal Codes- Barriers to comm across cultures, perceptual barriers- Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures based on my “normal” culture- In-group/Out-group: prejudice, judging people by groupDimensions of Cultural Differences: Locus of Control- Control Cultures = belief in internal locus of control Constraint Cultures = belief in external locus of control Action Orientation- Doing = task driven, set and accomplish goals- Being = stress personal relationships Attitudes Toward Time- M-time = make activities fit schedule, time is money- P-time = schedules seldom followedConnections to Others: Individualism vs CollectivismCommunication Styles: Low vs High ontext- Silence in High context = pay attention to how something is said, not words- Silence in Low = very direct, context is in actual words not how it is said- US = moderate to lowSapir-Whorf Hypothesis- Language is a culture’s perceptions of the worldLinguistic Determinism: the real world to a large extent is built on the language habits of the group- When you use a different map, you change the way you see the world- The code (language) your using changes the way you see the worldLinguistic Relativism: the worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached- “The limits of my language indicate the limits of my world” – Wittgenstein- Basic Ideas Behind Sapir-Whorf- We have basic need to make sense of world, to do so we impose an order on it- The main tool we have for organizing the world is language- Language influences way we perceive things, it predisposes us to look at world in certain way. (linguistic determinism) how we put things in categories determines how we view them- Therefore, cultures that use different languages live in perceptually different worldsExamples:- Sanskrit vs English: over 100 words for love, can express different kinds and extents of love- Japanese recognize emotional disorders we don’t, this just means we break it up differently - To see if someone is truly happy look at eyes and mouth, you can fake