ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EDITION Deborah C Beidel Cynthia M Bulik Melinda A Stanley Chapter 2 Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Chapter Outline Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level Individual Level Group Level Population Level Translational research 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Research at the Cellular Level Neuroanatomy Two main parts of the nervous system Central Nervous System brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System somatic nervous system which controls sensations and muscle movements and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary movements and returns the body to resting levels 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Dendrite tree like branches that receive messages from the neurons Figure 2 1 The Neuron Neurotransmitters chemicals that transmit information to and from neurons Soma keeps the cell alive Neuron nerve cells found throughout the body and brain that send and receive messages Axon tube like structures that carry messages to the cells 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Synapse space between neurons Neurotransmitters Communication in the nervous system is both electrical and chemical and hormonal Neurotransmitters chemical substances that relay electrical signals between one neuron and the next Na and K Field of psychiatry and the use of drug treatments 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved The Structure of the Brain Brain stem controls Midbrain coordinates fundamental biological functions such as breathing sensory information and movement and sleep and arousal Medulla pons and Thalamus brain s relay cerebellum regulate station directing nerve signals breathing heart beat and motor control that carry sensory information to the cortex Hypothalamus homeostasis 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Figure 2 2 The Brain Stem From Zimbardo et al Psychology Core Concepts 6e 0 205 54788 5 Fig 2 9 p 63 Copyright 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Reprinted by permission 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved The Structure of the Brain Continued Forebrain includes the limbic system basal ganglia and cerebral cortex Limbic system Amygdala the cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus deals primarily with emotions and impulses regulation Hippocampus plays a role in memory formation and has been linked with memory deficits Basal ganglia caudate putamen nucleus accumbens important for addiction globus pallidus substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus thought to inhibit movement 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Figure 2 3 The Thalamus Hypothalamus and the Limbic System From Zimbardo et al Psychology Core Concepts 6e 0 205 54788 5 Fig 2 9 p 63 Copyright 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Reprinted by permission 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved The Cerebral Cortex and Its Lobes Contains structures that contribute to higher cognitive functioning including reasoning abstract thought perception of time and creativity Divided into two hemisphere Left side is responsible for language and cognitive functioning and tends to process information in a more logical manner processes information in parts sequentially and uses both language and symbols including numbers Right side processes the world in a holistic manner spatial context creativity imagery and intuition Each consists of four lobes temporal parietal occipital and frontal 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Neuroanatomy Temporal lobe understanding auditory and verbal information labeling of objects and verbal memory Parietal lobe integrates sensory information form various sources and may be involved with visuospatial processing Occipital lobe center of visual processing Frontal lobe reasoning impulse control judgment language memory motor functioning problem solving and sexual and social behavior Corpus callosum allows both hemispheres to communicate 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Figure 2 4 The Cerebrum 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved The Peripheral Nervous System PNS Sensory somatic nervous system cranial nerves which control sensation and voluntary muscle movement Autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic parasympathetic nervous systems SNS controls involuntary movements serves to activate the body and creates a bodily state of arousal that could indicate the presence of stress or anxiety PNS returns the body functioning to resting levels after they have been activated by the SNS 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved The Endocrine System A system in the body that sends messages to the bodily organs via hormones Pituitary gland is known as the master gland Regulates metabolism body temperatures and weight Hormones chemical messengers that are released in the bloodstream and act on target organs Release epinephrine in response to external and internal stressors From Zimbardo et al Psychology Core Concepts 6e 0 205 54788 5 Fig 2 9 p 63 Copyright 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Reprinted by permission 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Neuroimaging Technology that takes pictures of the brain CT or CAT scans computerized axial tomography MRI magnetic resonance imaging Other technology used Positron Emission Tomography PET Scan Functional MRI fMRI 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Genetics Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Gene Sex chromosomes Influence of genes on characteristics Height eye color various diseases Personality Attitudes Abnormal behavior Do you believe nature or nurture factors contribute most to the development of psychiatric disorders Or is it a combination of both 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Behavioral Genetics Describes approaches to the study of behavior that do not examine genes directly but infer the action of genes and environment Family studies familial aggregation Adoption studies biological parents vs adopted away offspring and adoption placement Twin studies Monozygotic MZ and Dizygotic DZ twin pairs 2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved Molecular Genetics The study of the Candidate gene structure and association study function of genes at Compares a large group of individuals who have a a molecular level specific trait or disease