ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD EDITION Deborah C. Beidel/ Cynthia M. Bulik/ Melinda A. StanleyChapter Outline: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the …Research at the Cellular LevelSlide 4NeurotransmittersThe Structure of the BrainSlide 7The Structure of the Brain (Continued)Slide 9The Cerebral Cortex and Its Lobes…NeuroanatomySlide 12The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)The Endocrine SystemNeuroimagingGeneticsBehavioral GeneticsMolecular GeneticsResearch at the Individual LevelLimitations of a Case StudySingle-Case DesignsResearch at the Group LevelControlled Group DesignsSlide 24Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal CohortsSlide 26Research at the Population LevelQuick RecapSlide 29Reviewing Learning ObjectivesSlide 31ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD EDITIONDeborah C. Beidel/ Cynthia M. Bulik/ Melinda A. StanleyChapter 2Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology © 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter Outline: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the …Cellular LevelIndividual LevelGroup LevelPopulation LevelTranslational research© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Research at the Cellular LevelNeuroanatomyTwo main parts of the nervous system- Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord- Peripheral Nervous System: somatic nervous system which controls sensations and muscle movements, and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary movements and returns the body to resting levels© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 2.1 The NeuronDendrite: tree-like branches that receive messages from the neuronsSoma: keeps the cell aliveNeuron: nerve cells found throughout the body and brain that send and receive messagesAxon: tube-like structures that carry messages to the cellsSynapse: space between neuronsNeurotransmitters: chemicals that transmit information to and from neurons© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.NeurotransmittersCommunication in the nervous system is both electrical and chemical, and hormonalNeurotransmitters –chemical substances that relay electrical signals between one neuron and the next (Na and K)Field of psychiatry and the use of drug treatments© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The Structure of the BrainBrain stem (controls fundamental biological functions such as breathing)Medulla, pons, and cerebellum (regulate breathing, heart beat, and motor control)Midbrain (coordinates sensory information and movement and sleep and arousal)Thalamus (brain’s relay station, directing nerve signals that carry sensory information to the cortex)Hypothalamus (homeostasis)© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 2.2 The Brain StemFrom Zimbardo, et al, Psychology: Core Concepts, 6e, (0-205-54788-5). Fig 2.9, p. 63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson/Prentice Hall. Reprinted by permission.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The Structure of the Brain (Continued)Forebrain (includes the limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex)-Limbic system-Amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus – deals primarily with emotions and impulses (regulation)-Hippocampus – plays a role in memory formation and has been linked with memory deficits -Basal ganglia -caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens (important for addiction), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus – thought to inhibit movement© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 2.3 The Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and the Limbic System From Zimbardo, et al, Psychology: Core Concepts, 6e, (0-205-54788-5). Fig 2.9, p. 63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson/Prentice Hall. Reprinted by permission.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The Cerebral Cortex and Its Lobes…Contains structures that contribute to higher cognitive functioning, including reasoning, abstract thought, perception of time, and creativityDivided into two hemisphere:Left side is responsible for language and cognitive functioning and tends to process information in a more logical manner, processes information in parts sequentially, and uses both language and symbols including numbersRight side processes the world in a holistic manner, spatial context, creativity, imagery, and intuitionEach consists of four lobes: temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.NeuroanatomyTemporal lobe – understanding auditory and verbal information, labeling of objects, and verbal memoryParietal lobe – integrates sensory information form various sources and may be involved with visuospatial processingOccipital lobe – center of visual processingFrontal lobe – reasoning, impulse control, judgment, language, memory, motor functioning, problem solving, and sexual and social behaviorCorpus callosum – allows both hemispheres to communicate© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 2.4 The Cerebrum© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Sensory-somatic nervous system – cranial nerves which control sensation and voluntary muscle movementAutonomic nervous system – includes the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems-SNS controls involuntary movements, serves to activate the body, and creates a bodily state of arousal that could indicate the presence of stress or anxiety-PNS returns the body functioning to resting levels after they have been activated by the SNS© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The Endocrine SystemA system in the body that sends messages to the bodily organs via hormones.Hormones – chemical messengers that are released in the bloodstream and act on target organs.Pituitary gland is known as the “master gland.”Regulates metabolism, body temperatures, and weight.Release epinephrine in response to external and internal stressors. From Zimbardo, et al, Psychology: Core Concepts, 6e, (0-205-54788-5). Fig 2.9, p. 63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson/Prentice Hall. Reprinted by permission.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.NeuroimagingTechnology that takes pictures of the brainCT or CAT scans (computerized axial tomography)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)Other