ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD EDITION Deborah C. Beidel/ Cynthia M. Bulik/ Melinda A. StanleyChapter OutlineWhat Is Anxiety?Fight-or-Flight ResponseFight-or-Flight Response…Just how it works…Slide 7Normal Anxiety vs. Abnormal AnxietySlide 9What Are the Anxiety Disorders?The “Facts” about Anxiety DisordersFact Or Fiction?Panic AttacksPanic Attack SymptomsPanic Disorder (300.01)Agoraphobia (300.22)Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (300.02)Social Anxiety Disorder (300.23)Slide 19Slide 20Real People, Real Disorders: Ricky WilliamsSelective Mutism (312.23)Specific PhobiasSlide 24Slide 25Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (300.3)Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderSlide 29Slide 30Trichotillomania (312.39)Is Trichotillomania a Variant of OCD?Body Dysmorphic Disorder (300.7)Hoarding Disorder (300.3)Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD 309.81)Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Research Hot Topic: 9/11 Trauma, Grief, PTSD, and ResilienceStop and Think!How do anxiety disorders develop?Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Biological Treatment OptionsSlide 48Slide 49Psychological Treatment OptionsSlide 51Research HOT Topic: Virtual Reality TherapySlide 53I Object or Accept! What are your thoughts?Reviewing Learning ObjectivesSlide 56Quick RecapSlide 58ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD EDITIONDeborah C. Beidel/ Cynthia M. Bulik/ Melinda A. StanleyChapter 4Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter OutlineWhat Is Anxiety?What Are the Anxiety Disorders?What Are the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders?What Are the Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders?The Etiology of Anxiety, OCD, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related DisordersThe Treatment of Anxiety, OCD, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.What Is Anxiety?A common emotion characterized by physical symptoms, future-oriented thoughts, and escape or avoidance behaviors-Occurs when people encounter a new situation or anticipate a life-changing event-Usually is time-limited and ends when the event is over© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Fight-or-Flight ResponseActivation of the SNS triggered by fear or stress-Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): increases heart rate and respiration allowing body to perform at peak efficiency-Allows you to use all available resources to escape-Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS): slows down the heart rate and respiration, thus returning the body to a resting state© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Fight-or-Flight Response…Figure 4.1 The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic Nervous SystemsAdapted from Lilienfeld, et al., Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (p.121). Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Just how it works…What if the snake strikes me and it’s poisonous? You are walking on a path at a local park and all of a sudden you see a snake slither out in front of you.Figure 4.2: The Three Components of AnxietyAs soon as you see the snake, your heart starts racing and your breathing increases (body’s response).You scream for help or run in the other direction.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 4.3 Negative Reinforcement Increases Avoidance Behavior and Anxiety© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Normal Anxiety vs. Abnormal AnxietyThings to consider:Feeling anxious occasionally is normalFunctional impairmentDevelopmental age Cognitive development, not actual chronological ageSociodemographic factors Sex, race/ethnicity, and SES)Women and men seek treatment at equal rates if fear is severe © 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Table 4.1 Common Fears at Various Developmental Ages© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.What Are the Anxiety Disorders?Group of disorders characterized by heightened physical arousal, cognitive distress, and behavioral avoidance of feared objects/situations/events-Panic Attacks-Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia-Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Social Anxiety Disorder-Specific Phobia-Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-Separation Anxiety Disorder57% of people diagnosed with one anxiety disorder also have another anxiety disorder or depression.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.The “Facts” about Anxiety Disorders31.2% of American adults will suffer at some point in their livesMost common disorder among all age groupsOnset is around age 11 years oldEqually distributed among Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and non-Hispanic whitesSignificant economic burden: $42.3 billion Frequent comorbidity issues© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Fact Or Fiction?Panic attacks tend to only occur in people diagnosed with a panic disorder.Fact or fiction?Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is found to be more common in individuals from lower socioeconomic status (SES).Fact or fiction?© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Panic AttacksDiscrete period of intense fear and physical arousal, which develops abruptlySymptoms peak in about ten minutes-Somatic and cognitive symptoms-Common occurrenceTwo types of attacks-Expected panic attacks-Unexpected attacksRemember, as many as 28% of adults report having had a panic attack, although only 4.7% of adults have panic disorder.© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Panic Attack SymptomsPounding heart, increased heart rateSweatingTrembling or shakingShortness of breath of smothering feelingFeelings of chokingChest pain or discomfortNausea or abdominal distressFeeling dizzy, light-headedChills or heat sensationsNumbness or tingling sensationsFeelings of unreality or detached from oneselfFear of losing control or “going crazy”Fear of dying© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Panic Disorder (300.01)Recurrent “unexpected” panic attacks4 or more symptoms Persistent concern about future attacks and/orAvoid situations that lead to