Psychology 295 By Dr Hackney 08 28 2013 Research Analysis Chapter 1 Overview of Behavioral Research Facts and Beliefs Purpose Evaluate Conduct Appreciate Understand how to do research o Ethical considerations o Development of research questions o Identification of critical variables o Observations measurements of variables Any characteristic that takes 2 or more variables that are different gender o Sampling participants for research Where do we test our variables How do we test them o Potential pitfalls and how to deal with them o Experimental designs and statistical analysis Statistics match the research design o Non experimental designs o Dissemination of research findings How you get it out to the public Be a critical consumer of information o Ubiquitous nature of research related information in the media Books Journals Newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet The Nature of Science What makes a particular discipline a science o Answer is important to conduct quality research o Answer is important to be a critical consumer of information Doing Research Types of questions o Empirical what you mostly want info you know through your senses taste feel hear smell touch imperially drive Answered by making observations o Suggest cause and effects something we can test Does sleep deprivation cause memory loss guy didn t sleep for 72 hours died Don t know why you need sleep but you do Does wall color impact worker productivity o Suggest simple relationships Does study time relate to GPA Ways of answering questions o Experimental methods Cause effect conclusions Eg Sleep deprivation and memory loss Carefully controlled designed to control all of the variables in the study so you can say one thing caused another Strict control over everything else that could cause memory loss o Non experimental methods Relationship conclusions Eg Personality and cardiovascular disease Can t control personality you can control sleep deprivation Ways of reporting answers o Data analysis have to analyze the date Important of statistics to describe interpret data o Sharing findings with their scientific community Oral presentation at a conference Poster presentation at a conference Publication in a journal or book Normally send back and make you add more another analysis another observations peers look at it and say yeah it makes since Steps in the Research Process 1 Consider what area of psychology fascinates you o You can t do research on something that doesn t interest or you will hate it and possibly not make it through 2 Read the literature in this area o last thing you want to do is to come up with a good idea then realize a million other people have done the exact same research 3 Develop a specific and testable research question o Have to be very specific 4 Decide who will be the participants 5 Decide on the most appropriate method to answer the question o What kind of data Interview survey 6 Consider ways to reduce the influence of extraneous variables 7 Consider the ethical issues involved 8 Obtain ethics approval from a review board o Signing form 9 Finalize the specific procedures that will be used 10 Obtain informed consent from participants 11 Collect data by making observations o anything you can measure 12 Use descriptive statistics to describe the data 13 Use inferential statistics to arrive at a conclusion 14 Consider the implications of your findings 15 Share your findings with others Chapter 2 Ethical Principles of Research Historical Samples of Research with Ethical Concerns o Tuskegee syphilis study 1932 Wanted to look at the long term affects of untreated syphilis silent killer Gave 399 Black men syphilis and telling them it was something different then they passed it on in their families and died there was no recognizable cure for it at the time 1972 is when we found out it was still going on and took 4 months to terminate the experiment after being in the NY Times o Milgram obedience study Told to kept turning the shock up to the point of what would be death and kept doing it o Zimbardo prison study Dressed people up off the street as prisoners and some people acted like guards and hitting people and traumatized prisoners Psychology 295 08 28 2013 Chapter 2 Ethical Principles of Research cont Research with Human Participants Ethical Guidelines Ethical principles and code of conduct guidelines Informed consent the right to know On the use of deception Field research and ethics Regulation of human resources o Institutional Review Boards IRBs General Principles A Benefit people take care of them and not harm them B Represent themselves at professionals standards of conduct and relationships of trust C Integrity Fraud don t lie be honest truthful D Fairness Justice don t discriminate against people bias E Respect for people s rights and dignity Privacy and confidentiality Standard 8 Research and Publication 8 01 Institutional Approval everything we do in this class o When institutional approval is required psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research 8 02 Informed Consent to Research 8 03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research o If you were in market square it s public and anyone can film and study you without your consent 8 04 Client Patient Student and Subordinate Research Participants 8 07 Deception in Research 8 08 Debriefing Psychology 295 08 28 2013 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of the Scientific Approach Approaches to Knowing Authority o Authority figures e g religious leaders parents teachers judges someone in a position who would know more than you o Authoritarian works e g Bible encyclopedia Personal experience rely on personal observations Rationalism rely on reason and logic Empiricism rely on systematic observations scientific measure lies on empiricism hear see taste it s measureable Defining Science Goals of Science o Understanding why something is happening o Control what to understand so you can control it o Prediction want to predict outcomes Assumptions of science o Events in the universe are lawful orderly o The lawfulness is discoverable o things follow a pattern and we can discover what that pattern is The scientific method o Requires empirical referent Phenomenon capable of being observed measured Comparison model of what were comparing too o Observations are repeatable Have to be able to repeat it and measure it over and over again o Self correcting More you