BIOL 1005: FINAL EXAM
186 Cards in this Set
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What is science?
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A process of gathering information about the observable world and organizing the information into testable theories/laws/models.
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Scientia
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Latin for knowledge
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What is the scientific method?
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1) Observation and Description of a Phenomenon
2) Models- Generalizations and Explanations
3) Predictive Statements
4)Tests- Experiments
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Give an example of an observation
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Maggots live in meat
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Give an example of a model
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Decaying meat produces Maggots
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What is a Predictive Statement?
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It must be testable. EX- If maggots are spontaneously generated by rotting meat, then rotting meat in isolation from all other influence will produce maggots
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What must tests and experiments be?
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They must be controlled and replicated
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Who preformed what is considered to be the first scientific experiment that tested the concept of spontaneous generation of complex life-forms?
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Francesco Redi(1668)
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The null and alternative hypotheses should cover _____ possible results that you may get at the end of your experiment.
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ALL
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What does a null hypothesis state?
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There will be NO difference or no change between the treatment and control in your experiment
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What does a alternative hypothesis state?
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There WILL be a difference / change between the treatment and the control.
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What is a hypothesis?
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Prediction or explanation that has not been tested
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What is a theory?
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Prediction or explanation that has been repeatedly tested (by many people, in many ways, and for a long time) and is strongly supported.
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What is a law?
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Theory tested many times and result same every time.
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What three organisms did we work with the first week of lab?
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Isopods
Termites
Copepods
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What is Kinesis? Give an example
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Movements irrespective of the source of stimulus. Eg. movement of woodlice is proportional to the humidity of the environment
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What is Taxis? Give an example
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Orientation of animal body is relative to stimulus source. Eg. Plants grow towards the direction of sunlight.
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________ will only state whether we will or will not see a difference between 2 groups.
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Hypothesis
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What is a prediction?
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This states in what directions we will see that difference. Predictions are more specific then hypothesis, and more interesting.
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What are things needed for experimental design?
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1) Number of Variables to be manipulated (Treatment)
2) Control Group
3) Replicates
4) Scale of Measurements
5) Criteria for supporting/rejecting your hypothesis
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How many variables will we usually manipulate? What is this group called?
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We will manipulate one. The group in which the variable is manipulated is called the experimental group or treatment group.
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What is a control group?
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Standard to which we compare our results- so we can tell if the treatment has an effect. Attempt to equalize all the external conditions.
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What are replicates?
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Repetition increases the reliability and accuracy of your results. Minimum of 3 replicates.
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What is the scale of measurements?
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What are you measuring? Better measure things in a small scale and then lump data into groups than to use a scale so big that you can miss important differences. Need a reasonable time frame. Metric Units.
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Criteria for supporting/rejecting your hypothesis
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- How big of a difference you need to see?
- Descriptive STATISTICS to characterize the population of data points that you have collected
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What is the MEAN?
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Average of a series of data points.
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What is the STANDARD DEVIATION?
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Describes how much the data spreads from the mean.
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How would you obtain the mean of something?
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Add up all the data of that column and divide by how many replicates.
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What all do you need to label?
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Title, Both X and Y axis.
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Graphs show _____.
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Trends
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Tables show exact ____.
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Values
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What is the independent variable?
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What you manipulated and the x-axis
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What is the dependent variable?
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What you measured and the y-axis.
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When you label both axis, include the _____.
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Units
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What are descriptive statistics?
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They describe the population of data points collected.
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What is a sample vs. a population?
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A sample is a small subset representative of a population.
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The that standard deviation to plot ____ ____.
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Error Bars
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If the error bars overlap is there a statistically significant difference?
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NO
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If the error bars do not overlap is there statistically significant difference?
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YES
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What are the characteristics of life?
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Living things demonstrate all these qualities-
1) Energy Transformation
2) Complexity
3) Growth/Reproduction
4) Response to Stimuli
5) Capacity to Evolve
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What is Energy Transformation?
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Gas Exchange or converting energy from one form to another form.
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What is an example of Energy Transformation?
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Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, Breathing, Eating
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What is complexity?
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A high level of organization. Complex ORGANIC MOLECULES, cellular structures.
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What are some forms of complexity?
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DNA, Glucose, Carbon Molecule
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What does it mean to reproduce or grow?
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This means to develop.
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What is a response to stimuli?
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Such as movement or seasonality
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What is evolving?
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Occurs on a different time scale than the other characteristics.
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Life is ____ defined by any one characteristic.
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NOT
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In the what is life lab what were we trying to determine?
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Was life ever present on Mars or if it is currently present on Mars.
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What three samples did we use?
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Sterile Martian Soil
Native Martian Soil
Sterile Sand
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What does the Benedict Test for?
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Presence of reducing sugars. Shows a level of high organization.
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What does the Biuret Test for?
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Presence of peptide bonds. Shows a level of high organization.
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What does microscopy test for?
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Presence of complex structures. Shows a high level of organization.
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What does pH test for?
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CO2 Production. Shows energy transformation and gas exchange.
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What does Fermentation test for?
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CO2 Production. Shows energy transformation and gas exchange.
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What does Agar plating test for?
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Presence of new individuals. Shows reproduction.
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When doing the Benedict's Test what will happen if there is a presence of sugars?
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The solution will turn from blue to a red/orange
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When doing the Biuret's Test what will happen if these is a presence of peptide bonds?
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The solution will turn from blue to purple.
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When preforming the Fermentation test what would indicate gas formation?
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Bubbles at the top of the tube
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What is evolution?
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A change in the genetic make-up of a population over time.
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What is small scale evoultion?
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Changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next.
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What is large scale evoultion?
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Descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations.
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What is the genetic make-up?
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Frequency of Alleles
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A single gene in a population may have several alternate forms—or ____—which account for variation between the ____ of the organisms.
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Alleles
Phenotypes
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What is an allele?
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For example: There is a gene for color of eyes in humans, but there are many alleles (versions) of the gene
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_____ ______ have two alleles for each trait.
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Diploid Organisms
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Normally one is ______ and the other is ______.
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Dominant
Recessive
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Caused by a recessive allele.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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What is a population?
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Individuals of the same species that live in a particular place at a specific time.
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Individuals ___ ___ evolve.
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DO NOT
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The genetic make-up of an individual is ____ and will ___ change over time.
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Fixed
Not
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Evolution occurs over many _______.
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Generations
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How does evolution happen?
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Accumulation of changes in the genetic material.
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evolution requires _____ and _____.
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Reproduction and Inheritance
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How does the genetic make-up (gene frequencies) of a population change?
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Mutations
Gene Flow
Sexual Reproduction
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What are Mutations?
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Changes in DNA.
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A ____ mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many _____.
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Single
Mutations
This is RARE
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What is Gene flow?
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This is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation. This is COMMON.
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What is sexual reproduction?
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This can introduce new gene combinations into a population. This is COMMON.
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What drives evolution?
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Natural Selection
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What is natural selection?
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Some individuals produce more offspring or their offspring survive better than others because of some characteristic/trait of the individual.
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What does Natural Selection Require?
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Variation in a population.
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What are the steps of Natural Selection?
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1) There is variation in traits
2) There is differential survival/reproduction
3) There is heredity
4) End Result- More advantageous trait becomes more common in the population
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What is the source of variation?
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Genetic Mutation and Recombination
Environmental- soil quality, weather, nutrients that are available
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What are the sources of genetic variation?
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Mutation
Sexual Reproduction
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What happens with mutations?
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Only true source of new alleles
Substitutions, insertions, deletions
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What happens with sexual reproduction?
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Alleles are mixed up in different combinations
Contributes the most to variation
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What is asexual reproduction?
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-Type of reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic make up of parents and of offspring is usually identical (mitosis).
-Clones of parents
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Sea Anemone reproduce by ____.
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Fission
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Sea Sponges reproduce by ______.
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Fragmentation
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Why is asexual reproduction beneficial?
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The organism does not have to find a mate and they also reproduce rapidly.
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Does asexual reproduction offer variation?
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NO
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What is sexual reproduction?
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-Type of reproduction in which two gametes (meiosis) fuse to form a zygote.
-There is exchange of genetic material, recombination
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What is an organism risking for sexual reproduction?
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This is costly for the organism but is beneficial in long term.
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What is the power in sexual reproduction?
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Power of sexual reproduction is that you can get a trait or characteristic not present in the parents, which creates variation within the population.
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What are Sordaria?
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Ascomycete Fungus
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During the process of sexual reproduction for the Sordaria the fungus forms a structure called ____.
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Ascus
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Each ascus contains 8 ______.
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Ascuspores
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What is fitness?
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The ability of an individual to pass genes on to future generations.
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A fit individual leaves many _____ in the next generation (passes on his/her heritable ______)
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Offspring
Phenotype
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Has nothing to do directly with the ____ ______ of the individual.
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Physical Health
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An individual adapted to the _____ environment is likely to produce more offspring than an individual who is not as well adapted (but chance also plays a role).
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Local
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The fitness of different individuals with the same ______ is not necessarily equal but depends on the environment in which the individuals live.
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Genotype
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What is natural selection?
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Tendency of organisms that possess FAVORABLE ADAPTATIONS to their ENVIRONMENT to SURVIVE and PASS THEIR GENES to the next generation through reproduction.
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_____ _____ occurs when natural selection results in a CHANGE IN THE ALLELE FREQUENCY of a population.
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Evolution
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____ ______tends to result in the removal of the least fit organism from the population.
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Natural Selection
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This depends on the ______.
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Environment
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How does the local environment impact the fitness of an individual?
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Defines which phenotypes have the best characteristics (traits) to survive and reproduce.
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Can an individual be fit in one environment but not another?
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YES
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What is co-evolution?
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When species effect the way each other species evolves. Such as a humming bird and their host flower.
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The environment is "selecting" for or against individuals from a population though ____ _____.
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Natural Selection
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Selection ACTS on the ______.
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Phenotype
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But its EFFECTS are fixed only for _____ _____ of a population.
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Heritable Traits
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Observed quality of an organism (e.g. morphology, behavior, development).
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Phenotype
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Genetic make-up of an organism that may or may not be expressed (show up in the phenotype)
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Genotype
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Phenotype=
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Enviroment+Genotype
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Most common strain of flies. Can fly, smell, and fit into small spaces.
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Wild Type
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Lack Wing, they cannot fly.
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Apterous
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Wings always held out; they cannot move through very small spaces.
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Held out
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Their antennae develop into legs, they have a reduced sense of smell.
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Antennapedia
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What is homeostasis?
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A property of a living organism, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
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Homeostasis has survival value because it means an animal can adapt to a _____ ______.
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Changing Environment
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What does an organism need to regulate?
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Ion levels (Na+, K+, O2)
Nutrients: Sugar levels
Water levels
TEMPERATURE
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How do organisms control their temperature?
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2 categories of organisms based on how they regulate their temperature
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What is a homeotherm?
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-Capable of maintaining its body temperature within a narrow range.
-Temperature is usually above that of its surroundings despite large variations in environmental temperature.
-Mammals
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What is a Poikilotherm?
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-Body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment.
-Cannot maintain a constant body temperature, affected by environmental changes
-Reptiles
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Animals use ______ adaptations to regulate body temperature.
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Behavioral
-On a cool morning a snake might move into a sunny
area to absorb heat from the sun.
-In a large lake, a fish might move into deeper, cooler water when surface waters get too warm.
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What are some sources of exchanging heat?
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Surfaces → Conduction
Air → Convection
Sun → Radiation
Evaporation
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What aspects/structures of an organism may impact the gain and loss of heat?
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Size, Shape, Legs, Color, Sweat, Location
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How does size effect heat?
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bigger organisms change temperature more slowly
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How does shape effect heat?
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increase/decrease surface area for the conduction of heat
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How do legs effect heat?
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keeping the body off the surface (conduction)
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How does color effect heat?
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radiation of light/sun
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How does sweat effect heat?
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lose heat through evaporation
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How does location effect heat?
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move to minimize/ maximize conduction, convection or radiation
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Size
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Hot (heat pads) or cold (ice box) surface - CONDUCTION
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Shape
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Wind (fan) - CONVECTION
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Legs
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Sun (lamps) - RADIATION
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Color
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Shade (sand box) - RADIATION
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Sweat
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High humidity (spray bottle): EVAPORATION
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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protect, separate, regulate
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Molecules have to pass into and out of a cell through the
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Membrane
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It allows cells to control their internal ______ environment and the availability of important materials.
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Chemical
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What is the structure of the cell membrane?
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Heads are _____ which means water ____.
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Hydrophilic , loving
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Tails are _____ which means water ______.
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Hydrophobic, Fearing
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What can automatically pass through the cell membrane?
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O2 , CO2 H2O and other small, or non-polar molecules
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What cannot automatically pass through the cell membrane?
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Glucose and other large, polar, water- soluble molecules; ions (H+, Na+, K+, CA++, CI-)
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What are two types of passive transport?
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Diffusion
Osmosis
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What is Diffusion?
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Spontaneous NET movement of particles from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration in a given volume of fluid (liquid or gas)
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What is Osmosis
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Spontaneous NET movement of water through a cell wall or membrane or any semi-permeable barrier from an area of low solute concentration to an area with high solute concentration
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What is active transport?
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An energy-requiring process that moves materials across a cell membrane.
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Molecules are forced through a channel/carrier protein with the aid of ______ in the form of ATP.
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Energy
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The cell uses active transport in three situations. What are they?
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1-When a particle is going from low to high concentration (i.e. against a concentration gradient)
2- When particles need help entering the membrane because they are selectively impermeable
3- When very large particles enter and exit the cell
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What is Phagocytosis?
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Cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole".
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Particle is in the cell but considered ______.
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Separate
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What is a hyper tonic solution?
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contains a high solute concentration relative to another solution.
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What is a hypotonic solution?
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contains a low solute concentration relative to another solution.
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What is an isotonic solution?
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contains an equal solute concentration relative to another solution.
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What determines whether a material can move across the cell membrane?
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Size, Shape, Polarity
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Particles that move fast usually have:
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Small size
No charge- (membranes are composed of non-polar phosopholipids)
*Water molecules can move freely across the cell membrane because they are small (and despite the fact they are polar)
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What is osmotic concentration?
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concentration of solutes (dissolved substances) in the water
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When the osmotic concentrations of two regions differ, water will flow from the area of ____ solute concentration to the area of ____ concentration.
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Low
High
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What is lyse?
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When more and more water moves into the cell and eventually burst.
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How do you determine the osmotic concentration from a graph?
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When putting something straight on the graph like a pen it is where the pen hits the data line.
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What happens if we put Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in an isotonic solution?
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Technically Nothing
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What if the isotonic solution has a solute that can diffuse through the cell membrane?
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Then the solute will diffuse across the cell membrane
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What happens to the solute concentration of the cell as more and more solute moves into the cell?
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The inside of the cell becomes hypertonic (high solute concentration) compared to the outside solution
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Now that the inside of the cell is hypertonic to the extracellular solution, in what direction will water move?
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Water will move from the extracellular solution (low solute concentration) to the inside of the cell (high solute concentration).
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What question did we ask for one of the RBC's lab?
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How does the time to hemolysis for RBCs differ in solutions of glycols of different molecular weights?
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What was the other question?
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How does the time to hemolysis differ for RBCs in solutions of propanes with different molecular charges (polarity)?
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Population size is ____. What does this mean?
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Dynamic- it is always changing over time.
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What is population growth rate?
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Rate at which the number of individuals in a population increase per unit time
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What is the equation for population growth rate?
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(Population at end of period - Population at beginning of period)/Population at beginning of period
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What are two of the most important mathematical models of population growth?
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Exponential Growth
Logistic Growth
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What is the importance of the population growth models?
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-How long will it take for a population to reach a given size
-What will population size be after n years (or generations)?
-What happens when there are limited resources?
*Go look at these graphs
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What is the bio-geochemical cycle?
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Biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
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What are the sources of Carbon?
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CO2 atmosphere
C6H12O6 organisms
H2CO3 ocean
CH4 animal matter
CaCO3 organisms
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The most important feature of the carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon from the _____ environment into living things (____) and back into the ____ enviroment.
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Abiotic
Biotic
Abiotic
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Photosynthesis:
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Abiotic - biotic environment
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Cellular Respiration:
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Biotic - abiotic environment
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How is carbon released into the atmosphere?
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Cellular Respiration
Decay
Burning Fossil Fuels
At the Surface of the Oceans
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What does Photosynthesis require and produce?
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CO2
O2
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What does cellular respiration require and produce?
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O2
CO2
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What is the equation for Photosynthesis?
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6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2
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What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
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C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6O2 (oxygen) ----------> 6H2O (water) + 6CO2 + ATP (energy)
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BIOL 1005: FORAGES