BIOL 1005 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Test #2Outline of Current Lecture I. Land Use II. The Need for PlanningIII. Land UseIV. Cities Grew in SizeV. Land UseVI. Migration from Central City to the SuburbsVII. Problems Associated with Unplanned GrowthVIII. WetlandsIX. Special Urban PlanningX. Urban Recreation PlanningXI. Recreation UsesXII. Redevelopment of Inner City AreasXIII. Multiple Land UseCurrent LectureI. Land Use- Historical Land Use - Land’s “surface” is typically considered a nonrenewable resource. - Gaining area of one land use type requires the loss of another type. - Nonrenewable resource: cannot replace itself in a short period of time- Renewable resource: replaces itself in a short period of timeII. The Need for Planning- 1/3—1/2 world’s surface altered by humans.- Most change done with minimal forethought to consequences.- Most land-use decisions are still based primarily on economic considerations or short-term needs rather than on unique analysis of the landscape.- Natural ecosystems should be considered a non-renewable resource.III. Land UseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Original major transportation in North America was primarily by water.- Cities built along rivers. - Major cites developed at points where rivers no longer navigable - Rivers also provided drinking water, waste disposal, power and industries’ needs.IV. Cities Grew in Size (First Migration)- Workers started migrating from the farms to the cities. - Agricultural efficiency required less workers - Many jobs appeared in the cities. - Immigrants from other countries landed in the cities. - Cities offered cultural, social and artistic opportunities not found in rural settings.V. Land Use- Industries frequently overtook the “river front”.- Farmlands surrounded cities, and were easily developed.VI. Migration from Central City to the Suburbs (Second Migration) - Industrial Revolution led to polluted, undesirable waterways.- As roads and rail transport became more common, many left the waterway areas. CARS were put on the assembly line and cost less money.- As land prices in the city rose, people began to look for cheaper areas away from the city.- 1950—60% urban population lived in central cities.- 1990—30% urban population lived in central cities.- Agricultural land surrounding towns was converted to housing.- Land began to be viewed as a commodity, not a non-renewable resource to be managed.- Most single family houses after WWII were built on large lots away from city congestion.VII. Problems Associated with Unplanned Growth- Energy Efficiencieso Automobiles are inefficient transportation.o Decentralized cities—longer commutes.o Stop and go traffic patterns.o Single family homes less efficient.- Loss of Sense of Community- Death of Central Cityo Less income to support public services.- Higher Infrastructure Costs- Loss of Open Spaceo Often times open space planning left out of development plans.- Loss of Farmlando Flat, well-drained land ideal for both farmland and urban development.o Taxes based often based on “highest potential” use, rather than current use.VIII. Wetlands- Value of wetlands was overlooked for a long time. - Perhaps as much as 90% of wetlands which once occurred in the U.S. have been filled in.IX. Special Urban Planning Issues- Urban Transportation Planningo Four Goals Conserve energy and land resources. Provide efficient / inexpensive transportation. Provide suburbanites efficient transportation opportunities. Reduce urban pollution.o Problems with Mass Transit Only economical along heavily populated routes.  Extremely expensive to build / operate. Often crowded and uncomfortable. U.S. government encourages personal autos by financing highways, maintaining cheap energy policy, and not funding mass-transit projects (hidden subsidies).X. Urban Recreation Planning- Nearly 3/4 of North American population lives in urban areas.- Until recently, urban parks were considered an uneconomical use of the land.- New outgrowth of urbanization is the development of urban nature centers.XI. Recreational Uses- Recreation seems to be a basic human need.- Vast majority of U.S. citizens live in cities, and want some open space to offset crowded living conditions. - Some cities planned for this desire when laying out the city .... others didn’t.- Private recreational centers, public parks and rec. departments, nature centers, outdoor activities.XII. Redevelopment in Inner City Areas- Many industrial cities are plagued by high cost of cleanup and renovation of brownfields. o Vacant industrial and commercial sites. Brownfield Development—Degree of clean-up required to supportintended use of the site.XIII. Multiple Land Uses- Rather than “all or none” (e.g. highways and wilderness areas), multiple uses can be the decision: e.g. U.S.